HORMONES AND MATING BEHAVIOR 



1179 



l)erformance appetitive behavior ceases and 

 is succeeded by a state of relative rest. If 

 the behavior of the male rat and guinea pig 

 is placed within this frame of reference, the 

 behavior leading up to ejaculation is ap- 

 petitive; ejaculation, as the final act, is 

 consummatory. 



The concept of a duality of "function" 

 has been described largely for purposes of 

 clarification of terminology; it has not in- 

 fluenced the methods of scoring which are 

 based on the display of the two functions as 

 a sequence. The concept will be encountered 

 again in the discussion of the role of the 

 testis hormone in the display of sexual be- 

 havior (p. 1207), and in the presentation of 

 the problem of the mechanism of hormone 

 action (p. 1205). 



The term "pseudofemale behavior" was 

 coined by Morris (1954, 1955a) as a desig- 

 nation for feminine responses exhibited by 

 males — presentation, squatting, lordosis, 

 and others, depending on the species. Be- 

 havior of this sort is a part of the normal 

 repertoire of many species and is displayed 

 under a variety of conditions: by rhesus 

 monkeys, rats, the lizard, Anolis carolinen- 

 sis, and the ten-spined stickleback in the 

 presence of aggressive males (Hamilton, 

 1914; Beach, 1939; Noble and Greenberg, 

 1941a; Carpenter, 1942b; Morris, 1952) ; by 

 strongly excited male rats during mating 

 tests (Stone, 1924a; Beach, 1945a) ; by sex- 

 ually frustrated fish (Morris, 1952, 1955a) ; 

 by sexually thwarted zebra finches (Morris, 

 1954); by fishes, pigeons, and hamsters in 

 situations in which the stimulus was not ap- 

 parent or at least not recorded (Riddle, 

 1924; Carpenter, 1933a; Beach, 1947; 

 Schlosberg, Duncan and Daitch, 1949) ; and 

 in newborn male guinea pigs (Boling, Blan- 

 dau, Wilson and Young, 1939). At intervals 

 of 2. 3, or 4 weeks, during a study of the 

 stability of a conditioned breathing re- 

 sponse to light, a formerly dominant male 

 rabbit assumed the female role toward its 

 two male partners (Brown, 1937). The dis- 

 play of feminine behavior has not entered 

 into the scoring of males, but the frequency 

 of its occurrence in the absence of any en- 

 docrine pathologic condition is of interest 

 for the discussion of the determinants of 



patterns of sexual behavior given elsewhere 

 (p. 1222). 



In the domestic rat, but not in the wild 

 Norway rat (Richter and Uhlenhuth, 1954), 

 running is stimulated by testicular secre- 

 tions, for after castration, decreases of 30 

 to 95 per cent occur (Hoskins, 1925a; Wang, 

 Richter and Guttmacher, 1925; Heller, 

 1932; Richter, 1933). During the first 3 

 to 5 months of life, and possibly longer 

 (Slonaker, 1912), the amount of activity 

 rises; thereafter there is a gradual decline. 

 Stone and Barker (1934) could find no 

 significant relationship between the amount 

 of running activity and the strength of sex- 

 ual behavior as measured in direct tests or 

 in an obstruction apparatus. 



The differences between individuals of 

 a species is a subject of universal comment. 

 In the guinea pig and rat they are mani- 

 fested by variations in the elements of the 

 pattern and by variations in the scores. 

 Some individuals ejaculate relatively soon 

 after the beginning of a test and, in the 

 guinea pig, without previous intromissions. 

 In other animals ejaculation occurs later 

 and is preceded by a number of intromis- 

 sions. An occasional male will nuzzle and 

 mount a female in heat, but in rej^eated 

 10-minute tests will not achieve ejaculation. 

 Some animals of this type regularly require 

 more time, others are not known ever to 

 have copulated. The amount of running by 

 apparently healthy males of the same age 

 also varies greatly. It may be no more than 

 a few hundred revolutions per day or it may 

 be several thousand. In male cats conspic- 

 uous differences between individuals are 

 seen in the pattern of decline in sexual be- 

 havior following castration (Rosenblatt and 

 Aronson, 1958a). 



The behavior characteristics of individ- 

 uals tend to persist in rats and guinea pigs 

 (Avery, 1925; Hitchcock, 1925; Stone, 1927; 

 Stone, Tomilin and Barker, 1935; Stone, 

 Ferguson and Wright, 1940; Stone and Fer- 

 guson, 1940; Shirley, 1928; Anderson, 1936; 

 Beach, 1940, 1942g, 1944b; Soulairac, 1950; 

 Young and Grunt, 1951 ; Grunt and Young, 

 1952b), chickens (Guhl, Collias and Allee, 

 1945; Wood-Gush and Osborne, 1956) , ham- 

 sters (Beach and Pauker, 1949), rabbits 

 (Stone, 1932a), cats (Green, Clemente and 



