626 PROTOZOOLOGY 



Since the subcutaneous tissues of experimentally infected animals 

 such as rats, pigeons and chicks do not harbor parasites in the ab- 

 sence of parasitemia and the organisms are apparently present in the 

 blood, transmission may be carried on by blood-sucking arthropods 

 (Jacobs and Jones, 1950). 



Toxoplasma appears to be common in birds. For example, in a 

 survey on the blood parasites of birds on Cape Cod, Herman (1938) 

 found the organism in 11 species of birds examined by him. In the 

 past ten years a considerable amount of information has accumu- 

 lated on the organisms which attack and produce a disease (toxoplas- 

 mosis) in man. References (Sabin, 1942; Schwarz, Rose and Fry, 

 1948; Mantz, Sailey and Grocott, 1949; Hogan, 1951; Weinman, 

 1952). 



References 



Aberle, S. D.: (1945) Primate malaria. Office Inform., Nat. Res. 



Council, 171 pp. 

 Andrews, J. M.: (1951) Nation-wide malaria eradication projects in 



the Americas. J.Nat. Mai. Soc, 10:99. 

 , Quinby, G. E. and Langmuir, A. D.: (1950) Malaria eradi- 

 cation in the United States. Am. J. Pub. Health, 40: 1405. 

 Arantes, J. B.: (1914) Contribuicao para o estudo do Toxoplasma. 



Dissert., Coll. Med., Rio de Janeiro. 

 Atchley, F. O.: (1951) Leucocytozoon andrewsi, etc. J. Parasit., 37: 



483. 

 Becker, E. R.: (1950) Mortality in relation to age in young white 



Pekin ducks with blood-induced Plasmodium lophurae infection. 



Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 57:435. 

 Bishop, Ann, Tate, P. and Thorpe, Mary V.: (1938) The duration 



of Plasmodium relictum infection in canaries. Parasitology, 30: 



388. 

 Boyd, M. F.: (1926) Studies of the epidemiology of malaria in the 



coastal lowlands of Brazil, etc. Am. J. Hyg. Monogr. Ser. No. 



5. 



(1930) An introduction to malariology. Cambridge, Mass. 



(1934) Observations on naturally induced malaria. South 



Med. J., 27:155. 

 (1935) The comparative morphology of the sporozoites of 



the human species of Plasmodium. J. Parasit., 21:255. 

 (1935a) On the schizogonic cycle of Plasmodium vivax. Am. 



J. Trop. Med., 15:605. 

 (1940) On strains or races of the malaria parasites. Ibid., 20: 



69. 



(1940a) Observations on naturally and artificially induced 



quartan malaria. Ibid., 20:749. 



— (1941) An historical sketch of the prevalence of malaria in 

 North America. Ibid., 21 : 223. 



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