THE SKELETON 



27 



verse process of a thoracic vertebra (except as noted above in the 

 last three or four thoracic vertebrae) and a body or shaft. 



Fig. 8. Fig. 9. 



Fig. 8. — Sternum and costal ribs of left side, dorsal view. Cartilage is repre- 

 sented by stippling; bone, white. I-VIII, costal cartilages and ends of first 

 eight ribs; EC, ensiform (xiphoid) cartilage; M, manubrium; S 1-4, sternebrae; 

 XP, xiphoid process. 



Fig. 9. — Proximal two-thirds of fourth right rib. A, angle; H, head (capitu- 

 lum); N, neck; S, shaft; T, tubercule and articulating facet. 



The constricted area between the head and the tubercle is the 

 neck, and the sharpest bend in the shaft forms the angle of the 

 rib. The sternal portion of all the ribs is cartilaginous; how- 



