HISTORY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS: 1875-1890 17 



these diplococci in other organs as well as in lung tissue but, evi- 

 dently being ignorant of Fraenkel's work, he described the organ- 

 isms as Friedlander's cocci. 



In France, Gamaleia (1886), 498 after isolating, cultivating, and 

 inoculating into several different species of animals, cocci obtained 

 from lungs and fluids from meningitis and endocarditis complicat- 

 ing pneumonia, announced that the encapsulated lancet-form dip- 

 lococcus derived from these sources was the same as the organism 

 originally described by Pasteur. As a compliment to his chief, but 

 deceived by the occasional chain formation, Gamaleia named it 

 Streptococcus lanceolatus Pasteuri. In offering an explanation for 

 the resistance of man to its invasion, he drew attention — an origi- 

 nal observation — to the possible part played by leucocytes in the 

 body's defense. 



Pneumococcal infection of the kidneys was first reported by 

 Nauwerck 944 " 6 in 1886. Among 550 cases of croupous pneumonia 

 there were thirteen complicated with acute nephritis and in these 

 instances he found in the kidneys cocci which he said were identical 

 with those described by Friedlander. Nauwerck stated that the in- 

 fection was specific and was caused by "pneumonia cocci" carried 

 to the kidney by the blood. 



At this time the differentiation began between Fraenkel's Pneu- 

 mococcus and the bacillus of Friedlander. Weichselbaum, and Foa, 

 and Bordoni-Uffreduzzi sharply distinguished between the two» or- 

 ganisms, although it may be again emphasized that Friedlander's 

 first descriptions were those of a diplococcus and not of a bacillus. 

 Some of the credit usually given to Fraenkel's contributions may 

 be granted to Foa and Bordoni-Uffreduzzi 460 whose work was done 

 independently of Fraenkel's and was actually made public some- 

 what earlier. 



A full confirmation of Fraenkel's work, if not of his conclusions, 

 came from Weichselbaum. 1497 ' 8 Beginning his studies shortly after 

 Friedlander's first announcements, Weichselbaum covered the 

 ground gone over by the earlier investigator, found the diplococci 



