8 BIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS 



communication that, after giving credit to Klebs for the first ref- 

 erence to Pneumococcus and to Eberth and Koch for previous re- 

 ports, Friedlander gave the name Pneumoniemikrokokken to the 

 organisms. He believed that the capsule and the nail-form colony 

 were not distinctive diagnostic characters, but that the whole cycle 

 of phenomena must be observed, namely, the effect on animals and 

 recultivation of the cocci from the artificially infected animals. He 

 agreed that it was impossible to obtain this complete series of 

 events in all cases of pneumonia, and suggested that there might be 

 several forms of pneumonia, one of which was caused by the Pneu- 

 moniemikrokokken, or that the organisms while present at one 

 stage of the disease were either not present or dead at other stages. 

 He inclined to the first viewpoint. 



Salvioli and Zaslein (1883) 1217 examined the sputum, canthari- 

 des blister fluid, and the blood of pneumonia patients. Here the 

 same cocci, less frequent in the sputum than in the other fluids, 

 could be cultivated in broth and in Pasteur's solution and ren- 

 dered visible with Bismarck brown and methyl violet. 



In 1883, Strassmann 1343 also found diplococci in pneumonic 

 sputum. 



In the same year, before the Berlin Medical Society, von Ley- 

 den demonstrated in blood and exudate aspirated from the hepa- 

 tized lung of a pneumonia patient diplococci, largely oval in form, 

 occasionally in longer chains. He added that similar cocci could be 

 seen, without staining, in small masses scraped from the affected 

 lung at necropsy. He surmised that Klebs had seen the same or- 

 ganisms. 



Considering the meagerness of information in his time (1882), 

 Bozzolo 145 contributed some sound ideas. He concluded from his 

 studies that pleurisy, pericarditis, endocarditis, and cerebrospinal 

 meningitis were frequently associated with lobar pneumonia ; that 

 this association, whether the disease occurred in epidemic or spo- 

 radic form, was caused by the action of a single infecting agent ; 



