CONTENTS 



I. HISTORY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS 1 



1875-1890: inoculation of rabbits with human sputum 

 (Pasteur and Sternberg) ; isolation, cultivation, and ani- 

 mal inoculation (Friedlander) ; pneumococci in dust and 

 air (Emmerich and Pawlowsky) ; Fraenkel's experiments; 

 acquired resistance to infection ; Weichselbaum's contri- 

 butions ; artificial active immunity. 1890-1900: passive 

 immunity (Klemperers) ; dissociation (Kruse and Pan- 

 sini) ; agglutination (Metchnikoff and others) ; type dif- 

 ferentiation ; tropins (Denys). Summary. 



II. BIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS 30 



Morphology : staining methods ; the capsule ; staining the 

 capsule. Isolation of Pneumococcus: animal inoculation; 

 direct cultures. Cultivation: accessory substances; vege- 

 table accessory substances; appearance of growth; differ- 

 ential media. Viability. Autolysis. Bile solubility. Sensi- 

 tiveness to germicides and other chemical substances. 



III. BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES 65 



Proteolysis, lipolysis, and carbohydrate fermentation. 

 Acid production. Oxidation and reduction: methemoglobin 

 production ; peroxide formation. Hemolysin and hemo- 

 toxin. Purpura production. Virulin, leucocidin, and analo- 

 gous substances. So-called toxins. Summary. 



IV. CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI 103 



Serological classification, 1898-1932: first differentiation 

 by agglutination reaction ; differentiation by immunologi- 

 cal reactions; Pneumococcus mucosus; two groups; typi- 

 cal and atypical strains ; four groups ; five groups ; sub- 

 groups of Type II; Group IV differentiated into twelve 

 groups; further differentiation of subgroups of Type II; 

 further differentiation of subgroups of Group IV. Classi- 

 fication according to electrophoretic potential. Type de- 

 termination : mouse protection test ; culture agglutination ; 

 urine precipitation test; sputum precipitinogen; sputum 

 digestion; bile-solution of sputum; slide agglutination; 

 Quellung phenomenon. Summary. 



