264 BIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS 



reaction between the sugar-protein and its homologous antibody. 

 Furthermore, the sugar derivatives unattached to protein exhib- 

 ited some of the properties of carbohydrate haptens ; they were 

 non-antigenic in that they incited no antibody production, but 

 were specifically reactive, as shown by inhibition tests, with anti- 

 bodies induced by proteins containing the homologous diazotized 

 glucoside. 



Tillett with Avery and Goebel 1407 tested these artificial, conju- 

 gated carbohydrate-proteins for other evidence of antigenic action 

 by means of experiments in active and passive anaphylaxis. The 

 experiments demonstrated the capacity of the synthesized sugar- 

 proteins to produce hypersensitiveness. The fact that guinea pigs, 

 passively sensitized with antigluco-globulin serum, or actively sen- 

 sitized with gluco-globulin, could be subsequently shocked with 

 gluco-albumin, and since the same specific relations held in the pro- 

 duction of anaphylaxis with galacto-proteins, it was evident that 

 the antigen-antibody specificity in these instances was directly de- 

 pendent upon the carbohydrate fraction of the antigenic com- 

 pounds. 



In addition to the new specificity which the carbohydrate radi- 

 cal conferred upon the conjugated proteins, the uncombined gluco- 

 sides by themselves also exerted a definite influence on the reac- 

 tivity of sensitized animals. The injection of the glucosides into 

 guinea pigs sensitized with the homologous gluco-protein immedi- 

 ately before the introduction of the toxigenic sugar-protein, com- 

 pletely but only temporarily protected the animals from shock. 

 Tillett, Avery, and Goebel found, also, that anaphylactic shock 

 could be induced by uncombined globulin in guinea pigs passively 

 sensitized with either antigluco-globulin serum or antigalacto- 

 globulin serum, thus demonstrating that the reactions elicited by 

 globulin alone were dependent upon the common protein present in 

 the antigens, and were manifestations only of species-specificity. 



Continuing the investigations, Goebel and Avery 522 prepared the 

 p-amino and p-nitromonobenzyl ethers of the polysaccharide of 



