182 BIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS 



is referred to the original communications of Goodner, 525 " 7 ' M1 

 Rhoades and Goodner, 1136 and others who have described the inti- 

 mate details of the phenomena. 



Kolmer and Rule 748 employed the intradermal method to test the 

 resistance of rabbits induced by previous immunization with pneu- 

 mococci ; Goodner, Dubos and Avery, 536 and Goodner and Du- 

 bos,° 35 for studying the effect of the polysaccharide-splitting bac- 

 terial enzyme in infection with Type III Pneumococcus ; while 

 Goodner, 527 Watson and Cooper, 1492 Powell, Jamieson, Bailey and 

 Hyde, 1105 Sabin, 1208 Gelarie and Sabin, 510 and Curphey and Ba- 

 ruch 293 applied the Goodner technique in determining the immuniz- 

 ing action of specific immune serum and other agents. 



Inoculation by way of the respiratory tract. Tchistovitch 

 (1890) 1381 was apparently the first to study the effect of Pneumo- 

 coccus when introduced into the trachea of the rabbit. The diplo- 

 cocci caused only a feeble, local inflammatory reaction with little 

 phagocytosis. In 1915, Kline and Winternitz 728 described the con- 

 ditions necessary to produce lobar pneumonia in rabbits. The 

 catheter must be inserted as deeply as possible into a bronchus, 

 and the culture fluid must be injected with considerable force in 

 order that the organisms may be introduced into the alveoli. 



Permar 1082 has described in detail the manifestations appearing 

 after the intratracheal injections of cultures of Type I Pneumo- 

 coccus. He concluded that experimental pneumonia in the rabbit 

 begins as an acute inflammatory reaction. The severity of the re- 

 action increases from the trachea and bronchioles and is greatest 

 in the bud-like alveoli arising from them, in the alveolar ducts, 

 atrea, and alveoli. The process begins in the bronchus and invades 

 other tissues by peripheral extension leading to coalescence. Acute 

 interstitial pneumonia in the rabbit develops early as a result of 

 acute lymphangitis arising in the peripheral lymphatics ; then the 

 process extends to both pleura and hilum. Permar suggested that 

 septicemia might arise as the result of the direct involvement of the 

 vascular walls, or it might possibly be due to the passage of organ- 



