4,66 BIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS 



quent with the cellular carbohydrates of Type I and atypical 

 Type I organisms. 



In the group of subjects who gave a previous history of pneu- 

 monia, none of the eight tests done with capsular polysaccharide 

 was positive. A higher incidence of positive, delayed reactions was, 

 however, obtained in the small number of subjects of this group 

 tested with the cellular carbohydrates. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SKIN ALLERGY 



The lack of uniformity in specific cutaneous reactions occurring 

 in normal human beings and in those ill with or convalescing from 

 lobar pneumonia was encountered by Cecil and Austin (1918) 204 

 in following the administration of vaccines made from pneumo- 

 cocci of Types I, II, and III and used for prophylactic injection 

 of healthy men. Small, sterile infiltrations, disappearing spontane- 

 ously, occasionally followed the injection of vaccine, and similar 

 lesions appeared in the same individuals after subsequent injec- 

 tions. Subjects exhibiting these reactions rarely possessed any 

 notable amount of agglutinative or protective antibodies in the 

 serum after vaccination, nor was the reactive property specific 

 for any type of Pneumococcus. 



Gutfeld and Nassau (1926) 580 treated nurslings ill with broncho- 

 pneumonia with vaccines composed of heat-killed pneumococci, 

 and injected normal children or those ill from some cause other 

 than bronchopneumonia intracutaneously with vaccine or with 

 watery autolysates of the same cultures from which the vaccines 

 were prepared. The development of a reddened papule was ob- 

 served at the site of puncture, appearing within eighteen or 

 twenty-four hours and disappearing after forty-eight hours. No 

 child under one and one-half years of age gave a positive reaction, 

 nor did any of the young patients suffering from bronchopneu- 

 monia. The reactions occurred in more than one-half of the nor- 

 mal individuals tested and in a like proportion of those not af- 

 flicted with the disease. When the autolysate was mixed with serum 



