448 BIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS 



assumed to be protein, that was antigenic in the sense that it could 

 sensitize normal guinea pigs and specifically intoxicate animals so 

 treated. 



The allergic state produced in guinea pigs by the intraperi- 

 toneal injection of killed broth cultures of Type I pneumococci 

 was observed by Mackenzie (1925). 844 During the course of arti- 

 ficially induced, active immunity, the animals at times showed ana- 

 phylactic symptoms after the injection of the immunizing anti- 

 gens. Bull and McKee (1929), 180 in an investigation of sensitiza- 

 tion of the rabbit resulting from acute experimental infection with 

 Type I Pneumococcus, found that the animals had acquired both 

 dermal and systemic hypersensitiveness to pneumococcal autoly- 

 sate. Sensitivity appeared within forty-eight hours after infec- 

 tion and persisted for at least four months, apparently reaching 

 its height shortly after recovery from infection. Rabbits im- 

 munized by the injection of killed and living cultures also became 

 hypersensitive to autolysates but not to so high a degree as did 

 the animals recovering from infection. 



Although Avery and Tillett (1929) 60 were unable to sensitize 

 guinea pigs with the type-specific carbohydrates of pneumococci 

 of Types I, II, and III, Tillett, Avery, and Goebel, 1407 in the same 

 year, demonstrated the essential function of the carbohydrate 

 fraction in determining the specific sensitizing and anaphylactic 

 action of the carbohydrate-protein complex. Artificially prepared 

 gluco-globulin and galacto-globulin possessed the property of ac- 

 tively sensitizing guinea pigs so that the guinea pigs, when in- 

 jected twenty-one days later with sugar-proteins containing car- 

 bohydrate identical with that present in the sensitizing antigen 

 regardless of the kind of protein with which it was combined, were 

 subject to acute anaphylactic shock. Moreover, the unconjugated 

 glucosides, although themselves incapable of inducing shock, in- 

 hibited the anaphylactic reaction when injected immediately prior 

 to the introduction of the toxigenic sugar-protein into the spe- 

 cifically sensitized guinea pig. The protective, or anti-anaphylac- 



