PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES 497 



thirty and eighty-five among the troops not vaccinated. The mor- 

 tality-rate on the same basis was zero and seven as compared to 

 thirty-three and eighteen. Later, when the number of injections 

 was increased to three, consisting of doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 

 cubic centimeters of a suspension containing 8,000 million organ- 

 isms per cubic centimeter, the results were not so satisfactory ; the 

 morbidity-rate was sixty-five among the vaccinated as compared 

 to a rate of ninety-five among the unvaccinated soldiers and the 

 mortality-rate was nineteen among the treated subjects and 

 ninety-five for the, controls. 



In 1921, Von Sholly and Park 1452 reported their experience in 

 vaccinating 1,536 employees of the Metropolitan Life Insurance 

 Company in New York City. Of the employees, 1,412 received 

 three injections of a saline suspension of pneumococci of the first 

 three types sterilized by heat, and the other 124 were given lipo- 

 vaccine prepared by Rosenow. Among 1,327 complete records 

 there was found one case of pneumonia among those vaccinated 

 against eleven cases among the control groups. The treatment ap- 

 peared to have little effect either in preventing or in favoring re- 

 spiratory infection other than pneumonia among the subjects 

 treated. 



In its chronological order there may be mentioned the note of 

 Walravens, 1477 which stated that at Katanga in the Belgian Congo 

 it was the routine practice in large industrial concerns to give the 

 black employees prophylactic injections of vaccines made with 

 cultures obtained from Lister and with other strains of local iso- 

 lation. 



In 1922, Field 439 communicated the results following the use of a 

 mixed vaccine among the troops stationed at Fort Myer, Virginia. 

 The preparation contained pneumococci of Types I and II, he- 

 molytic streptococci, and the Pfeiffer bacillus, to a total of 6,000 

 million organisms per cubic centimeter, and was administered in a 

 first dose of 0.5 cubic centimeter followed by two subsequent in- 

 jections of one cubic centimeter each. The statistics presented by 



