Behavior Patterns 235 



will defend, and hierarchy or peck-order among its closest associates. 

 These hierarchies develop very quickly with sunfish in aquaria.^*' Accord- 

 ing to Gerking •*' species which exhibit marked aggressive tendencies 

 will show sedentary populations. Both Larkin ^^ and Miller '- recognize 

 the importance of space requirements in determining population density 

 and growth. 



Table 8.3 Species of fish known to have restricted move- 

 ment NOT associated WITH SPAWNING. (fROM 

 gerking 2' 1959, AND OTHERS, BUT INCLUDING ONLY 

 FRESH-WATER FISHES.) 



Species 



Reference 



Salnionidae: Salmon family 

 Brown trout 

 Brook trout 

 Rainbow trout 

 Cutthroat trout 



Coregonidae : Wliitefish family 

 Mountain whitefish 



Catostomidae : Sucker family 

 Golden redhorse 

 Hog sucker 

 White sucker 



Ictaluridae : Catfish family 

 Yellow bullhead 

 Channel catfish 



Percidae 



Fantail darter 

 Iowa darter 

 Rainbow darter 

 Orangethroat darter 

 Greenside darter 



Centrarchidae : Sunfish family 

 Bluegill 



Longear sunfish 

 Rock bass 

 Green sunfish 

 Largemouth bass 

 Smallmouth bass 

 Spotted bass 

 Pumpkinseed 

 Spotted sunfish 



Schuck,s^ Allen,^ Stefanich »3 

 Shetter,^'*' Stefanich,^^ Newman ''•J 

 Stefanich,^3 Holton,^" Newman '^^ 

 Miller ' i 



Stefanich ^^ 



Gerking ^6 

 Gerking ^6 

 Stefanich ^^ 



Shoemaker,ss Ball,-'' Funk 35 

 Harrison ^^ 



Winn 100 

 Winn 100 

 Winn 100 

 Winn 100 

 Winn 100 



Ball 5 



Gerking,36 Funk 35 



Scott,86 Gerking,36 Funk 35 



Greenberg,40 Gerking 36 



Parker and Hasler "^s 



Larimore,66 Gerking,36 Funk 35 



Gerking 36 



Shoemaker ss 



Caldwell, Odum, and Helfier 20 



Some investigators wish to set aside the use of the term "homing" for 

 the homing movements of those fishes which make long migrations to 

 spawn in locations where they themselves were hatched. Well known 

 examples are the salmon and the eel. This point of distinction based on 

 distance is probably not wholly justified. 



