54 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



at many localities down to its mouth at Virginia Beach ; they run up the Patuxent, Potomac 

 and Susquehanna Rivers, the latter a productive spawning region with larvae reported in 

 abundance in the flats near its mouth. 



The next suitable spawning grounds, southward, are the streams discharging via 

 Pamlico Sound. Correspondingly, Lampreys, both young and adult, are recorded as taken 

 in shad nets in Albemarle Sound, while they did run up the Neuse River at least as far as 

 Raleigh, North Carolina, and probably still do. They have been taken in Winyah Bay, 

 South Carolina,"' and are reported from the Pee Dee and Savannah River systems. Al- 

 though unreported from Georgia, an early characterization of Lampreys as not uncommon 

 in the St. Johns River system of northern Florida" is supported by specimens in the 

 United States National Museum."* But it is not known from the Gulf of Mexico,"'' nor 

 from the drainage area of the latter."" 



It has long been known that a dwarf, landlocked race of the Sea Lamprey occurs 

 abundantly in Lake Ontario and the lakes tributary to it in northern New York State, 

 where it is very destructive to other fishes. Formerly it was barred from the upper Great 

 Lakes by the falls at Niagara. However, with the construction of the Welland Canal, a 

 passage was opened for it and by 1921 it had reached Lake Erie, where it was unknown 

 previously^ by 1936 it was in Lake Michigan^ and its spread to Lake Huron and Lake 

 Superior is to be expected, if it has not already taken place.^"" 



Synonyms and American References :^''^ 



Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., /, 1758: 230 (descr., refs., European seas); Mitchill, Trans. Lit. 

 phil. Soc. N. Y., /, 1815: 461 (descr., N. York); Williams, Hist. Maine, Fish., i, No. 13, 1832 (not 

 seen) ; Holmes, 2nd Annu. Rep. Nat. Hist. Geol. Maine, 1862: 33, 63 (listed for Maine) ; Goode and 

 Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. Salem, 11, 1879: 31 (Salem, Massachusetts, specimen attached to American Pol- 

 lock; also in Massachusetts rivers) ; Jones, List Fish. Nova Scotia, 1879: 1 1 (not uncommon. Nova Scotia) ; 

 Goode, Proc. U.S. nat. Mas., 2, 1880: 121 (listed for east. Florida) ; Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci., 5, 1882: 97 

 (same as Jones, 1879); Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 2, 1883: 349 (American form ident. with European 

 Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras; species of fish attacked) ; Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., i6 

 1883: II (descr., Atlant. coast, Europe, N. Amer.) ; Bean, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. (1882), 1884 

 344 (off Woods Hole); Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 6, 1884: 637 (mouth of Susquehanna R., spring) 

 Goode, Fish. Fish. Industr. U.S., 1, 1884: 677, pi. 25, upper fig. (descr., habits, former abund. 

 commercial utilization); Holder, Marvels of Anim. Life, 1885: 5 (abund. in lower Saco R., Maine) 

 Jordan and Fordice, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 5, 1885: 283 (class., synonymy, descr., concludes landlocked 

 form not separable from marinus) ; Lee, Portland (Maine) Adviser (Mar. 3), and Brunswick (Maine) 



96. Specimen in the U.S. National Museum. 



97. Evermann and Kendall, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. (1899), 1900:48. 



98. Identification of Lake George, Florida specimens verified by Leonard P. Schultz. 



98a. A specimen is listed as Petromyzon castaneous (Girard) by Goode and Bean (Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 5, 1883: 

 240), but this is an Ichthyomyzon and probably was taken in fresh water. 



99. According to Creaser and Hubbs (Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 120, 1922) and Gudger (Copeia, No. 4, 

 1930: 146), a specimen earlier reported as from Muscatine, Iowa (Mississippi drainage system), probably was 

 in reality from Lake Cayuga, New York, where P. marinus is landlocked. 



100. For the history of this expansion of its range, see Hubbs and Pope (Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. [1936], <5<5, 1937: 

 172). 



101. The Sea Lamprey is also mentioned in most of the larger works on European and American fishes as well as in 

 a great number of anatomical and embryological papers, zoological textbooks and natural histories. 



