Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 203 



anterior nasal flaps may or may not reach mouth; nostril either entirely separate from 

 mouth or connected with latter by a very shallow groove only; a well developed labial 

 furrow on lower jaw, but none on upper; upper lip expanded to close over lower at corners 

 of mouth; eye with or without a longitudinal fold below lower eyelid; spiracle small, 

 close to corner of eye; anal considerably larger than 2nd dorsal, separated from caudal by 

 a considerable interspace; inner margins of pelvics united posterior to cloaca for a short 

 distance in females and for a longer distance in males; teeth with one large central, and 

 several small lateral, cusps, several series functional ; dermal denticles lanceolate, strongly 

 ridged. Egg cases horny, oblong, with long filamentous tendrils at the corners which wind 

 around sea weeds, etc. The eggs are said to be expelled two at a time, and the young to 

 hatch about six months after the eggs are laid. 



Range. Both sides of North Atlantic; Mediterranean; South Africa; Natal; Japan; 

 Korea. 



Fossil Teeth. Upper Cretaceous to Pliocene, Europe; Upper Cretaceous, western 

 Asia, North America; Eocene, North Africa. 



Key to Species 



I a. Anterior nasal flaps reach rearward nearly or quite to mouth. 

 2a. Anterior nasal flaps joined in the midline, or nearly so. 



caniculus Linnaeus, 1758. 



Eastern North Atlantic, Medi- 

 terranean.^* 



2b. Anterior nasal flaps separated one from the other in the midline by a consider- 

 able interspace. j/(?//«m Linnaeus, 1758. 



Eastern North Atlantic, Medi- 

 terranean. 



lb. Anterior nasal flaps separated from mouth by a considerable space. 



3a. Origin of ist dorsal as close to origin of anal as to rear ends of bases of pelvics; 

 2nd dorsal as large as ist. capensis Miiller and Henle, 1 841 . 



South Africa, Natal, and perhaps India.^' 



3b. Origin of ist dorsal over rear end of bases of pelvics, or at least much closer to 

 them than to origin of anal; 2nd dorsal smaller than ist. 

 4a. Origin of ist dorsal closer to tip of caudal than to tip of snout by a distance 



equal to length of latter in front of mouth ; color pattern a dark network on 



paler ground. retifer Garman, 1 8 8 1 , p. 207. 



4b. Origin of ist dorsal as close to tip of snout as to tip of caudal, or a little 



closer; color pattern spotted or blotched. 



5a. Base of anal considerably longer than base of ist dorsal. 



28. Including' duhamelii Garman (Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. Zool., 36, 1913: 73), the type specimens of which 

 (Harv. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 60, 63) appear to represent a dwarf race of caniculus, or perhaps only a color 

 variety. 



29. Day, Fish. India, 1878: 724, pi. 190, fig. 1. 



