Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 469 



Gascony, Morocco, food); Fowler, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 33, 1920: 145 (N. Jersey loc.) ; Latham, 

 Copeia, 87, 1920: 91 (young, abund.. Long Island, N. York in summer); Ford, J. Mar. b!ol. Ass. 

 U. K., N. S. 12, 1921: 468 (abund., season, commercial util., breeding, habits, Plymouth, Engl.); 

 Latham, Copeia, 99, 1921: 72 (occur.. Long Island Sound, N. York); Mavor, Contr. Canad. Biol. 

 (191 8-1 920), 1 921: 129, 130 (occur., Passamaquoddy region, util.); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. 

 Philad., 74, 1922: 3, 5 (N. Jersey); Huntsman, Contr. Canad. Biol. (1921), 3, 1922: 56 (abund., 

 B.iy of Fundy); Drensky, Trav. Soc. bulg. Sci. nat., 79, 1923: 56, pi. 58, fig. I (descr., abund.. Black 

 Sea) ; Hubbs, Copeia, 123, 1923: loi (Maine) ; Meek and Hildebrand, Field Mus. Publ. Zool., 15 (l), 

 1923: 65 (in key); Breder, Copeia, 127, 1924: 26 (season); Linton, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 64 (21), 

 1924: 4, 20, 26, 52, 57, 63, 64, 92 (parasites. Woods Hole); Bigelow and Welsh, Bull. U.S. Bur. 

 Fish., 40 (l), 1925: 44, 551 (habits, abund.. Gulf of Maine); Fowler, Copeia, 143, 1925: 43 (N. 

 Jersey); Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., y8, 1927: 276 (comp. with Chilean spec); Manter, Illinois 

 biol. Monogr., 10 (2), 1926: 8 (parasites, Mt. Desert, Maine); Nichols and Breder, Zoologica, N. Y., 

 9, 1927; 21 (abund., season, food, also as food fish, N. York to south. New England); Borodin, Bull. 

 Vanderbilt Oceanogr. (Mar.) Mus., i (i), 1928: 5 (Newfoundland); Hildebrand and Schroeder, 

 Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., 43 (i), 1928: 52 (descr., devel., migrations, season in Chesapeake Bay); Rey, 

 Fauna Iberica Feces, /, 1928: 424, pi. 4, fig. i (descr., ill., Spanish waters); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. 

 Fish. Atlant. Coast, 1929: 24 (general); Jordan, Manual Vert. Anim. NE. U.S., 1929: 14 (general); 

 Truitt, Bean and Fowler, Bull. Md. Conserv. Dep., 5, 1929: 28 (Maryland); Jordan, Evermann and 

 Clark, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 21 (both sides N. and mid. Atlant. U.S., Cuba) ; Bere, 

 Contr. Canad. Biol., N. S. 5 (13), 1930: 427 (parasites, Passamaquoddy Bay); Schroeder, Bull. U.S. 

 Bur. Fish., 46, 1930: 11, 72 (enemy of cod, migrations, season, Nantucket Shoals) ; MacCallum, Proc. 

 U.S. nat. Mus., 79 (26), 1931: 3 (parasites); Schroeder, Copeia, 1931: 41, 42 (winter, depth, off Dela- 

 ware Bay) ; Breder, Copeia, 1932: 31 (off Block Island) ; Anonymous, Newfoundland Fish. Res. Comm. 

 Rep., I (4), 1931: 107 (Nova Scotian and Newfoundland Banks, Nfd. coast); Wilson, Bull. U.S. nat. 

 Mus., 158, 1932: 511 (parasites. Woods Hole); Anonymous, Newfoundland Fish. Res. Comm. Rep., 

 2 (l), 1932: 125 (Nova Scotian Banks, off NE. Newfoundland, Gulf of St. Lawrence); Rep., 2 (2), 

 '934: 115 (Nova Scotian Banks, Straits of Belle Isle); Belloc, Rev. des Trav. Peches Marit., 7 (2), 

 1934: 140 (Morocco to Senegal, Canaries, Madeira); Bigelow and Schroeder, Canad. Atlant. Fauna, 

 biol. Bd. Canad., 12', 1934: 17 (general, east. Canad., W. Greenland); Vladykov and McKenzie, 

 Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci., rp, 1935: 48 (abund., season, util.. Nova Scotia); Bigelow and Schroeder, Bull. 

 U.S. Bur. Fish., 48, 1936: 322 (breeding, winter habitat) ; Fowler, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., yo (l), 

 1936: 69 (refs., descr., ill., embryo, adult, E. Atlant. to Morocco); Lubbert and Ehrenbaum, Handb. 

 Seefisch. Nordeurop., 2, 1936: 286, pi. 21, fig. 251 (ill., adult, embryos in capsule, general, N. Europe); 

 Howell-Rivero, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 41, 1936: 47, 48 (comp. with S. cubensis and barbouri); 

 Smith, H. W., Biol. Rev., //, 1936: 64 (in fresh water in Scand.) ; Cadenat, Rev. des Trav. Peches Marit., 

 ^o (4). 1937:431 (C. Blanc) ; Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., Sg, \^S7- ^97 (N. Jersey) ; Gudger, 

 Sci. Mon. N. Y., ^5, '937: 5 10 (off Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Maine) ; Sayles and Hershlowitz, Biol. Bull. 

 Wood's Hole, 73, 1937: 51, i pi. (dermal denticles); Raven and LaMonte, Amer. Mus. Novit., 902, 

 1937: I (eaten by swordfish) ; Breder, Bull. N. Y. zool. Soc, 41, 1938: 28 (N. York Harbor); Hampton, 

 Newfoundland Fish. Res. Inst. Serv. Bull., 5, 1938: 3 (possible util., production of liver oil in Canada) ; 

 Popovici, in Grig. Antipa, Homm. Oeuvre Bucharest, 1938: 445 (breeding habits. Black Sea) ; Tortonese, 

 Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat., 77, 1938: 308 (Medit., Canaries, Massachusetts) ; Springer, Proc. Fla. Acad. Sci., 

 3> 1939: 37 (no definite Florida record given); Popovici, Bull. Acad. Roumaine, 22 (2), 1939: I 

 (develpp., abund. in Black Sea) ; Fowler, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 100 (13), 1941: 257 (N. Atlant. refs.) ; 

 Hildebrand, Copeia, 1941 : 222 (N. Carolina, April, May) ; Holmgren, Acta zool.. Int. Tidskr. zool., 1-3, 

 1941: 29> 55 (skull); Longley and Hildebrand, Pap. Tortugas Lab., 34, 1941: 3 (embryos, Tortugas, 

 Florida); Fowler, Fish Culturist, 21 (9), 1942: 66 (listed, Cuba); Lunz, Bull. S. Carolina St. Planning 

 Bd., 14, 1944: 27 (Florida); Merriman and Warfel, Trans. N. Amer. Wild Life Conf., 1944: 234 

 (season, east. Long Island Sd.) ; Templeman, Res. Bull. Dep. Nat. Resources Newfoundland, 15, 1944: I 

 (life hist., season, migrations, Newfoundland, Labrador) ; Bigelow and Schroeder, Guide Comm. Shark 

 Fish., Anglo Amer. Caribb. Comm., Wash., 1945: 140, fig. 52 (descr., iU., habits, range). 



