47 o Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



Piked Dog, Brookes, Nat. Hist., 3, 1763: 32, pi., fig. 32 (general); 1772: 18, pi., fig. 18; Pennant, Brit. 

 ZooL, 3, 1769: 77 (descr., weight); Yarrell, Brit. Fish., 2, 1836: 400 (abund., habits, food, defensive 

 use of spines, Gt. Brit., general) ; 2nd ed., 2, 1841 : 524; Couch, Hist. Brit. Fish., i, I 867: 49, pi. 1 1 

 (size, abund., record catch of 20,000, nuisance to fishermen, Gt. Brit.). 



Spinax, Duhamel, Traite Gen. Pcches, (2) 4 (9), 1769: 299, pi. 20, fig. 5, 6 (general; ill. as "Aiguillat"). 



L'Aiguillat, Broussonet, Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1780: 673 (abund., Medit., Atlant. to Scotland). 



Squalu! sphtax Olavius, Oecon. Reyse Island, 1780: 562, pi. 7 (Iceland, not seen). 



Squale aiguillat, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 4° ed., i, 1798: 270; in Sonnini, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 4, 1802: 100 

 (descr.). 



Squalus achantias Latreille, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 24, 1 804: 72 (evident misspelling for "acanthias" in table 

 of contents). 



Acanthorhinus acanthias Blainville, Bull. Soc. philom. Paris, 18 16: 121 (name only). 



Sfinax acanthias Cloquet, Diet. Sci. Nat., /, SuppL, 1 8 16:^^ 91 (abund., defensive spines, fishery, N. Europe) ; 

 Cuvier, Rcgne Anim., 2, 1817: 130 (diagn., abund.); Bory de St. Vincent, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., 15, 

 1829: 598; Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., 5 (2), 1834: plate not numbered (descr., ill., Italy); Agassiz, 

 L., Poiss. Foss., J, 1837: pi. B, fig. 3 (spines) ;"* Templeton, Charlesworth Mag. nat. Hist., (2) /, 1837: 

 413 (Ireland); Parnell, Mem. Werner. Soc. Edinb., 7, 1838: 420 (abund., food, habits, Gt. Brit.); 

 Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish. Amphib. Kept., 2, 1839: 315 (general) ; Storer, Rep. Fishes Rept. Birds Mass., 

 1839: 187 (abund., season, fishery, Massachusetts); Boston J. nat. Hist., 2, 1839: 538; Nordman, in 

 Demidoff, Voy. Russ. Merid., 5, 1840: 548 (common. Black Sea) ; Ayres, Boston J. nat. Hist., 4, 1S42: 

 288 (near N. York) ; DeKay, Zool. N. Y., 4, 1842: 359, pi. 64, fig. 210 (descr., ill., abund., season, fish- 

 ery, C. Cod); Selys-Longchamps, Fauna Belg., I, 1842: 233 (Belgium); Cuvier, Regne Anim., ill. ed., 

 1 843 : 366, pi. 115, fig. 4 (food, ill.) ; Linsley, Amer. J. Sci., 4y, 1 844: 77 (Connecticut) ; Gosse, Nat. 

 Hist. Fish., 1 851: 308 (abund., Brit, waters); Desvaux, Essai Ichthyol. France, 1851: 19 (not seen); 

 Owen, Cat. Osteol. Roy. Coll. Surg., r, 1858: 91 (vert., jaws) ; Van der Hoeven, Handb. Dierkunde, 2, 

 1855: 261 (general) ; Thompson, W., Nat. Hist. Ireland, 4, 1856: 254 (Ireland) ; DeKay, Rep. St. Cab. 

 nat. Hist. N. Y. (1855), 8, i8;8: 64 (N. York); Doumet-Adanson, Rev. Zool., (2) 12, i860: 446 

 (Medit.) ; Schlegel, Naturl. Hist. Nederl. Dieren, 1862: 192, pi. 18, fig. 3 (descr., Netherlands) ; Gill, 

 Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 1863: 333 (Massachusetts) ; Knight, Descr. Cat. Fish. N. S., 1866: 8 (Nova 

 Scotia); de la Blanchere, Diet. Peches, 1868: II (descr., breeding season); Van Beneden, Poiss. Cotes 

 Belg., 1870: 9; Mem. Acad. R. Belg. (1870), 1871: 9 (food, parasites, Belgium); Saxby, Zoologist, 

 1871: 2554 (Newfoundland); Reguis, Ess. Hist. Nat. Provence, i (l), 1877: 54 (Medit.); Cocco, 

 Nat. Sicil., 5, 1884: 176 (Messina, not seen) ; Grondal, Islenzka Fisk. (Pisces Island) Reykj., 1890-1891 

 (Iceland, not seen). 



Acanthias vulgaris Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Merid., j, 1826: 131 (Medit.); Miiller and Henle, Plagiost., 

 1 841: 83 (descr., Medit., North Sea, Atlant.); Hamilton, Brit. Fish., 2, 1843: 313 (Gt. Brit.), also 

 later eds. ; Bonaparte, Cat. Pesc. Europ., 1846: 15; Nardo, Sinon. Modern. Spec, descr. Pesci St. Chiere- 

 ghini, 1847: III (name only); Gray, List Fish. Brit. Mus., 1 851: 70 (in part); White, List Spec. Brit. 

 Mus., Fish., S, 1851: 131; Baikie, Zoologist, 11, 1 853: 3846 (Orkneys); Kr0yer, Danmarks Fisk., 5, 

 1853: 12, 868 (Denmark) ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 4, Fisk, 1855: 731 (Scand.) ; Machado, Feces Cadiz., 

 1859: 8 (off Cadiz) ; Jouan, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. nat. Cherbourg, 7, 1859 (not seen) ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. 

 Nat. Moscou, 52 (4), 1859: 473 (abund.. Black Sea); Nardo, Atti 1st. veneto, (3) 5, 1859-1860: 787 

 (Medit., near Venice); Malmgren, Arch. Naturg., 50 (l), 1864: 346 (N. Norway, west of North 

 Cape) ; Fitzinger, Bild. Atlas Naturg. Fische, 1864: fig. 177 (ill.) ; Dumeril, Hist. Nat. Poiss., i, I 865: 

 437 (refs., descr., general); Bocage and Brito Capello, Poiss. Plagiost. Portugal, 1866: 21 (Portugal); 

 Giinther, Trans, zool. Soc. Lond., d, 1869: 396 (mention, but report for Cent. Amer. perhaps not this 

 species) ; Ninni, Ann. Soc. nat. Modena, 5, 1870: 66 (near Venice) ; Brito Capello, J. Sci. math. phys. nat. 

 Lisboa ( 1 868-1 869), 2, 1870: 143 (Portugal); Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., S, 1 870: 418 (refs., 



53. This date has frequently been quoted as 1821, but the copy in the library of the Harvard Museum of Compara- 

 tive Zoology is dated i8i6. 



54. This plate, including other species also, is labeled simply sfinax. But fig. 3 is identified as S. acanthias by the 

 Explic. des Planches which appeared in 1843. 



