4-44 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



ward from the Caribbean is much less extensive than for the United States coast. But since 

 zygaena is known positively from as far south as Uruguay, it is undoubtedly responsible 

 at least in part*^ for the nominal reports of the species from Santos, Pernambuco and 

 Maceio; i.e., it occurs generally along the coast of Brazil. But whether or not it expands 

 its range yearly to the southward during the warm season in the southern sector of its range, 

 as it does to the northward in the northern sector, is not yet known. 



Synonyms and References: 



Atlantic:" 



Squalus zygaena Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 1758: 234 (by ref. to ill. by Willoughby, 1686; see above, p. 409; 

 type loc. Europe, Amer.) ; Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encyc. Meth. Ichthyol., 1788: 9, pi. 6, fig. 15 (ident. by 

 ref. to Linnaeus, 1758; descr. and ill. would apply equally to diftana; Atlant. and Medit.) ; Gmelin, Syst. 

 Nat., I, I 789: 1494 (ident. by ref. to Linnaeus, 1758) ; Bloch, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, /, 1785 : 29, pi. 

 117, upper fig. (ill. apparently this species, but lower fig. is Eusphyra blochii; N. Europ., Antilles, 

 Medit.); Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichthyol., 1801: 131 (ident. by ref. to Linnaeus, 1758); Bosc, 

 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 21,1 803: 189 (diagn., ident. from included refs.) ; Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, 1810: 

 34 (ident. by ref. to Linnaeus, 1758; general, Medit.); Mitchill, Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. N. Y., i, 

 1815: 482 (li-ft. spec, its stomach containing parts of a man; ident. probable from loc, Riverhead, 

 N. York) ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish., Suppl., 2, 1839: 62 (ident. by ill. of head, Norfolk, Eng.) ; Gray, Cat. 

 Fish. Coll. Descr. by L. T. Gronow in Brit. Mus., 1854: 6 (at least in part, ident. by included refs.). 



Balance Fish, Brookes, Nat. Hist., j, I 763: 31, pi. 28, fig. 3 I ; also 3rd ed., 1772: I 8, pi. 19, fig. 18 (ident. 

 by ill., general). 



Le Marteau, Broussonet, Mem. Acad. Math. Phys. Sci. Paris (1780), 1784: 661 (at least in part, by included 

 refs.). 



Squalus malleus Shaw and Nodder, Naturalist Misc., 8, 1796: 375, pi. 267 (ident. by ill., Medit.). 



Le squale marteau, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 4° ed., /, I 798: 156, 257, pi. 8, fig. 3, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. 

 (in part, ident. by ill. of head, but also includes tudes, see p. 434, general) ; in Sonnini, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 

 4, 1802: 74, pi. 8, fig. I, 2 (after Lacepede, 1798). 



Sfhyrna zygaena Rafinesque, Indice Ittiol. Sicil., 1810: 46 (ident. by included refs., Sicily) ; Bonaparte, Icon. 

 Faun. Ital., j, 1840: pi. not numbered, fig. 1, and index (descr., ident. by ill., arrangement of pores on 

 head, Italy) ; Miiller and Henle, Plagiost., I 841 : 51 (descr., ident. by proportional meas., Medit., France, 

 Brazil, India); Cuvier, Regne Anim., ill. ed., 2, 1843: 368, pi. 1 1 7, fig. I (ident. by ill., but ref. in 

 text is to pi. I 16, fig. I, which is a torpedo, Narcacion) ; Bonaparte, Cat. Pesc. Europ., I 846: 18 (ident. by 

 included refs.); Fitzinger, Bild. Atlas Naturg. Fische, 1854: fig. 170 (ill., ident. by shape of head); 

 Nardo, .Atti 1st. veneto, 5, i860: 787 (at least in part from refs. and loc, near Venice) ; Brito Capello, J. 

 Sci. math. phys. nat., Lisboa, (1868-1869), 2, 1869: 141 (at least in part, ident. by inference from incl. 

 refs., Portugal) ; Canestrini, in Cornalia, et at., Fauna d'ltal., I 870— 1874: 47 (at least in part, ident. by 

 inference from included ref.) ; Gegenbaur, Unters. Vergl. Anat. Wirbelt., 5, 1872: 23, pi. 9, fig. I (ident. 

 by ill. of skull) ; Perugia, Elcnc. Pesc. Adriat., I 88 l (at least in part, ident. by included refs.) ; Jordan and 

 Gilbert, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 16, 1883: 26 (at least in part, ident. from range, C. Cod, southward); 

 Kingsley, Stand. Nat. Hist., 5, 1885: 81 (general, ident. from ill.); Jordan, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. 

 (1885), 1887: 797 (at least in part from range, N. Atlant. states to W. Indies, and California southward) ; 

 Bean, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 7, 1888: 151 (at least in part, because of descr. as abund., N. Jersey); 

 Carus, Prod. Fauna Medit., 2, I 889-1 893: 513 (at least in part, because of included refs., Medit.) ; Nel- 



+5. Probably diflana also. 



46. The following list is limited to citations that include information, verbal or pictorial, sufficient to make 

 it reasonably certain that they were based at least in part on zygaena and not on diflana, or that refer to localities 

 where zygaena is known to be common but not diflana. For a list of citations, nominally to zygaena, but which 

 have referred to diflana in reality, see p. 420. For an extensive list of Indo-Pacific citations that certainly or 

 possibly refer to this species, see Fowler (Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 100 [r^], 1941 : 217). 



