44^ Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



Fowler, Bull. Md. Conserv. Dep., 5, 1929: 28 (young abundant, coast of Maryland and Chesapeake 

 Bay, summer, ident. probable because of loc.) ; Jordan, Manual Vert. Anim. NE. U.S., 1929: 11 

 (general, at least in part) ; Jordan, Evermann and Clark, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 18 

 (in check list); Chevey, Faune Ichthyol. Cons, explor. Mer., 1930: plate not numbered (distrib. E. 

 Atlantic, ident. by ill.); Townsend, Bull. N. Y. zool. Soc., 34 (6), 1931: 167 (Virgin Is., ident. by 

 photo); Wilson, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 158, 1932: 423, 439, 440, 454, 456 (parasites, Woods Hole, 

 ident. probable because of loc); Breder, Copeia, 1932; 31 (abundance off Block I., ident. probable 

 because of loc); Gowanloch, Bull. La. Conserv. Dep., 25, 1933: 219, lower ill. (ident. probable from 

 ill., listed for Louisiana); Beebe and Tee-Van, Field Bk. Shore Fish. Bermuda, 1933: 29 (ident. 

 probable, at least in part, because of loc, but descr. not diagnostic and ill. not original, Bermuda) ; 

 Vladykov, Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci., rp, 1935: 8 (ident. probable because of loc, Halifax, Nova Scotia) ; 

 Burton, Sci. Mon. N. Y., 40, 1935: 283 (occur, near Charleston, S. Carolina, but perhaps also 

 incl. other species as well); Vladykov and McKenzie, Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci., ig, 1935: 45 (Halifax 

 Harbor, Nova Scotia, same specimen as Vladykov, 1935); Marchand, Mar. biol. Rep. Cape Town, 2, 

 1935: 42 (S. Afr., ident. by photo) ; Fowler, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 70 (i), 1936: 64 (W. Afr., 

 but may also cover dip/ana, for ill. after Carman's of Mass. spec, and descr., not diagnostic) ; Lubbert 

 and Ehrenbaum, Handb. Seefisch. Nordeurop., 2, 1936: 276 (occur., N. Europ., ident. by ill.); 

 Sigalas and Budker, Bull. Soc. Sci. Arcachon, 34, 1937: 59 (Arcachon, north. France, newborn, 

 ident. probable because of loc); Wise, Tigers of the Sea, 1937: 179 (descr., may include other 

 species) ; Norman and Eraser, Giant Fishes, 1937: 41, fig. 21 (general, may also include other species) ; 

 Breder, Bull. N. Y. zool. Soc, 41, 1938: 28 (N. York Harbor, ident. probable because of loc); Tor- 

 tonese, Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat., 77, 1938: 302 (occur. Medit., may cover other species also); Springer, 

 Proc Fla. Acad. Sci., 5, 1939: 31 (in part, combined with diflana, Florida, see p. 420) ; Fowler, Bull. 

 U.S. nat. Mus., 100 {13), 1941: 217 (extensive synonymy also incl. diplana) ; Springer, Proc. Fla. Acad. 

 Sci., 5, 1941: 48 (comp. with other species, skull, N. York, New England, N. Jersey, Italian, Azores 

 specs.); Springer, Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., 1 (5), 1941: 168, fig. 5 (ill., comp. with other species); 

 Gunter, Amer. Midi. Nat., 28, 1942: 316 (tidal fresh water in Maryland, ident. probable because of 

 loc); Fowler, Arqu. Zool. Estado Sao Paulo, 5, 1942: 129 (Brazil); Bigelow and Schroeder, Guide 

 Comm. Shark Fish., Anglo Amer. Caribb. Comm., Wash., 1945: 134, fig. 49 (descr., habits, range, ill.), 

 Boos, Contr. biol. Lab. Cath. Univ. Amer., 45, 1943: 10 (chemistry of pancreas, Florida); Fowler, 

 Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 7, 1945: 97 (Beaufort, N. Carolina), 160 (Charleston, S. Carolina). 



Zygaena zygaena Cuvier, Regne Anim., 2, 1817: 127 (general, ident. by refs.) ; Seabra, Bull. Soc. portug. 

 Sci. nat., 5, 191 1 : 192 (ident. by refs., Portugal); Noronha and Sarmento, Peixes Madeira, 1934: 107 

 (by ref., not seen). 



Zygaena Tnalleus Risso, Hist. nat. Europ. Merid., 5, 1826: 125 (in part, but also incl. difla-rm by ref. to 

 malleus Valenciennes, 1822, general, Medit.); Voigt, in Cuvier, Tierreich, 2, 1832: 513 (at least in 

 part, ident. by refs.) ; Bory de St. Vincent, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., I 5, 1829: 597 (at least in part, ident. 

 by refs.); Jenyns, Manual Brit. Vert. Anim., 1835: 507 (Yarmouth, England, ident. probable because 

 of loc); Lowe, Trans, zool. Soc. Lond., 2 (3), 1837: 195 (Azores, ident. because of subsequent ill., 

 see Lowe, 1 843-1 860); Yarrell, Brit. Fish., 2, 1836: 406 (Yarmouth, England, ident. by ill.); also 

 2nd ed., 2, 1841 : 504 (Brit, records, number of young, ident. as above) ; Couch, Cornish Fauna, 1838: 

 51 (Cornwall); DeKay, Zool. N. Y., 4, 1842: 362, pi. 62, fig. 204 (near N. York, ident. by ill.); 

 Storer, Boston J. nat. Hist., 4, 1842: 185 (near Woods Hole, ident. by ill.); Lowe, Fish. Madeira, /, 

 1843— 1860: 83, pi. 12 (Madeira, ident. by descr. and ill.); Hamilton, Naturalist Libr., Ichthyol., 6; 

 Brit. Fish., 2, 1843: 306, pi. 24, fig. I, also subsequent eds. (Eng. loc, ident. by ill.) ; Linsley, .Amer. J 

 Sci., 4y, 1844: 77 (Long Island Sound, N. York, ident. probable because of loc.) ; Storer, Mem. Amer. 

 Acad. Arts Sci., N. S. 2, 1846: 508 (Massachusetts, N. York, Caribbean, Brazil; in part, ident. by loc, and 

 refs., diflana also incl. by ref. to Valenciennes, 1822) ; DeKay, Rep. St. Cab. nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, 1855: 

 64 (listed for N. York, ident. by a ref. to DeKay, 1842) ; Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., N. S. 

 9, 1867: 238, pi. 38, fig. 3; also Sep., Fishes Mass., 1867: 262, pi. 38, fig. 3 (occur, south. Mass.ichusetts, 

 ident. by ill.); Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 8, 1870: 381, 518 (descr., distrib., refs., but also covers 

 diflana, see p. 419) ; Gervais and Boulart, Poiss., j, 1 877: 1 74, pi. 66 (Medit. and Adant., ident. by ill.) ; 



