Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 44.9 



name only); Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. nac. Riode J., Fauna brasil. Peixcs, 2(1) Fasc. 1, 1923: 14 (Brazil north 

 and south, dcscr. not diagnostic) ; Fowler, Copeia, 143, 1 92 5: 41 (Delaware, name only), 43 (N. Jersey, 

 name only) ; Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 78, 1926: 249 (Florida, food, embryos, name only) ; Copeia, 

 156, 1926: 146 (N. Jersey, name only); Copeia, 165, 1927: 90 (Delaware B.iy, name only); Bcebe 

 and Tee-Van, Zoologica, N. Y., 10, 1928: 29 (Haiti, name only) ; Nichols, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico, N. Y. 

 Acad. Sci., 10 (2), 1929: 184 (Porto Rico, not diagnostic) ; Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 80, 

 1929:608 (N.Jersey records, names only ■) ; MacCallum, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 79 (26), 1931 :6 (par.)sitcs, 

 name only); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 83, 1931: 391 (Trinidad, name only); Breder, Pap. 

 Tortugas Lab., 2,?, 1932: 16 (Tortugas, name only) ; Pearson, Invest. Rep., U.S. Bur. Fish., (10) /, 1932: 

 18 (listed, N.Carolina) ; Fowler, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 46, 1933: 57 (Louisiana, name only) ; Young and 

 Mazct, "Shark, Shark," 1933: 268 (not diagnostic); Brooks, Parasitology, 26, 1934: 265 (N. Carolina, 

 parasites); Pozzi and Bordnle, An. Soc. cient. argent., r2o, 193;: i;i (N. Argentina, name only); 

 Fowler, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 70 (2), 1936: 1 152 (Azores, name only); Smith, H. W., Biol. Rev., 

 ir, 1936: 64 (Louisiana, name only); Fowler, Proc. .Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 8^, 1937: 304 (7; miles 

 off N. Jersey coast, name only) ; Longley and Hlldebrand, Pap. Tortugas Lab., 34, 1 941: 3 (Tortugas, 

 Florida) ; Lunz, Bull. S. C. St. Planning Bd., 14, 1944: 27 (S. Carolina, Florida). 



Sfhyrna leunrri Dumeril, Rep. Poiss. Afr. Occid., 1861: 261 (Gorree, probably not Zygaena lezc-ini Griffith, 

 Cuvier, Regne Anim., 10, 1834: 640, pi. 50, Aust.). 



Cestracion (Sf/iyrna) zygaena Steindachner, S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 61 (i), 1870: 576 (Senegal, name only) ; 

 Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, ^^, 1882:51 (Senegambia, name only). 



Cestracion zygaena Poey, .^n. Soc. esp. Hist. Nat., 5, 1876: 382; F.numerat. Pise. Cubens., 1876: 187 (Cuba) ; 

 Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 58, 1906: 80 (Florida, name only); Radcliffe, Trans. Amer. 

 Fish. Soc, 44, 1914: 38 (N. Carolina, name only); Roule, Result. Camp. sci. Monaco, 52, 1919: 117 

 (Morocco, Azores, name only); Monod, Faune Colon. Fr.inc., 1927: 647 (Lokundje, not seen); 

 Nigrelli, Amer. Mus. Novit., 996, 1938: 10 (parasites, name only). 



Zygaena vu/garis Reguh, Ess. Hist. nat. Provence, i (l), 1877: 58 (Medit.). 



Cestracy on zygaena Poey, An. Soc. esp. Hist, nat., 70, 1 881: 348 (Porto Rico, Guiana, Medit., E. Indies, name 

 only); Stahl, Fauna Puerto Rico, 1883:81, 167 (Porto Rico, not seen). 



Sfhyrna {Zygaena) zygaena Imms, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., /, I 905: 43 (pharyngeal denticles, name only). 



Hammerhead, Gudger, Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., .^o, 1937:417-418 (Palm Beach, Florida, attack on girl). 



Sfhyrnasp. {-prohahly zygaena) Norris, Plagiost. Hypophysis, 1 941: pi. i, fig. 3 (brain). 



Suborder SQUALOIDEA 



Characters. No anal fin; 2 dorsal fins, with or without spines; only 5 gill openings, all 

 anterior to pectorals; snout not beak-like, without lateral teeth or cirri; teeth in front of 

 mouth essentially similar to those toward corners; general form subcylindrical (shark- 

 like) ; eyes lateral; anterior margins of pectorals not expanded forward past ist gill open- 

 ing; inner margins of pelvics entirely separate, posterior to cloaca; nostrils entirely sepa- 

 rate from mouth; spiracles present; eyes without nictitating fold or membrane; vertebral 

 column completely segmented throughout its length, its axial canal much contracted in the 

 regions of the well differentiated centra, the notochord greatly constricted segmentally, or 

 even obliterated in the centra, but dilated in the spaces between the concave surfaces of 

 adjoining vertebrae; vertebral centra with calcareous lamellae in a ring around central 

 axis; neural spines not attached to dorsals; cranium with antorbital processes more or less 

 developed, but without separate antorbital bar; upper jaw (palatoquadrate cartilage) 

 attached to cranium by a transverse process at one point only, in the ethmoid region, as 

 well as to hyomandibular arch; rostral cartilage single; propterygial cartilage of pectoral 



