452 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



Genus Squalus Linnaeus, 1758' 



Squalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., /, 1758: 233; type species, S. acanthias Linnaeus, European Ocean; designated 

 by Gill, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 7, 1862: 405. 



Generic Synonyms: 



Squaltus Scopoli, Intrcd. Nat. Hist., 1777: 464; type species, Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 (emend, spell- 

 ing)- 



Acanthorhinus Blainville, Bull. See. philom. Paris, 1 8 16: 121 ; type species, Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758, 

 designated by Jordan, Genera Fish., I, 191 7: 95. 



Sfinax (in part) Cuvier, Regne Anim., 2, 1817: 129. 



Acanthias Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Merid., ^, 1826: 131 ; type species, A. vulgaris Risso, equals Squalus acan- 

 thias Umnaeus, 1758. 



Carcharias Gistel, Naturg. Thier., 1848: 8; to replace Acanthias Risso, 1826: not Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810. 



Flakeus Whitley, Aust. Zool., 9, 1939: 242; type species, Squalus megalop Macleay, 1881.'"' 



Koinga'Whhlzy, Aust. Zool., p, 1939: 242; type species, Squalus griffini Phillipps, 1931.'° 



Generic Characters. Squalidae with well developed dorsal spines, without lateral 

 grooves, originating at origins of fins and lying along anterior margins of latter, at least 

 their terminal V3 to V4 free} trunk slender, rounded, with longitudinal ridges confined 

 to caudal peduncle j caudal peduncle with a precaudal pit above but none below; a labial 

 furrow on each jaw and a voluminous pit at corner of mouth ; upper and lower teeth alike, 

 with I cusp, deeply notched outwardly, and so oblique that their inner margins form a 

 nearly continuous cutting edge; snout in front of mouth considerably shorter than from 

 center of mouth to origin of pectorals; dermal denticles very small, lanceolate, heart- 

 shaped or tridentate, with sharp tip, but varying in shape on different parts of body; eyes 

 and spiracles large; nostrils far from mouth, without barbels; both dorsals with concave 

 posterior margins and elongate free rear corners, the ist triangular, the 2nd considerably 

 smaller than ist, the origin of ist dorsal over inner margin of pectoral or a little posterior 

 to inner corner of latter, the origin of 2nd dorsal behind bases of pelvics; caudal without 

 subterminal notch, its lower anterior corner expanded as a definite lobe, but much shorter 

 than the upper lobe and smaller in area; luminous organs lacking. Characters otherwise 

 those of the family. 



Range. Widely distributed in the North Atlantic, west and east, including the Medi- 

 terranean; western South Atlantic (Uruguay and Argentina) ; South Africa; both sides of 

 the Pacific, from southern Alaska, the Aleutians, Kamchatka, Japan, Korea and China in 

 the north to New Zealand, southern Australia, Tasmania and Chile in the south, including 

 the Hawaiian Islands and Philippines; also southern Indian Ocean (Mauritius) ; in tropi- 

 cal to subarctic and subantarctic latitudes. 



Fossil Teeth. Upper Cretaceous, western Asia; Upper Cretaceous to Pliocene, Eu- 

 rope; Eocene, South Africa; Oligocene, South America; Miocene, North America. 



Sfecies. The named representatives of Squalus fall into three groups, as defined by 

 the relative locations of the fins and by the shape of the anterior margin of the nostril. 



9. Fowler (Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 100 [15], 1941 : 255) includes in the synonymy of Squalus the fossil genus Cen- 

 trofhorides Davis (Trans, roy. See. Dublin, [2] 5, 1887: 478). 



10. Whitley's proposed subdivision of the genus Squalus into two subgenera (^Flakeus and Koinga) according to the 

 position of the first dorsal fin, size of eye and coloration, does not appear to us acceptable. 



