332 FAMILY: TRYPANOSOMID^ 



assumes various shapes and forms. In division, both the blepharoplast 

 and parabasal body divide (Fig. 32). 



Schaudinn (1904), in his description of what he regarded as the origin 

 of the " binucleate " trypanosome from the uninucleate halteridium of 

 the little owl, supposed the kinetoplast to arise by an unequal division 

 (heteropolar mitosis) of the nucleus, the smaller portion becoming the 

 kinetoplast. The origin of the flagellar blepharoplast from the nucleus 

 was described by Jameson (1914) in Parapolytoma satura, and by Entz 

 (1913, 1918) in Polytoma uvella (see p. 52). Though there may be some 

 evidence that in other flagellates the blepharoplast arises by division of 

 an intranuclear centrosome (P. uvella), the proof that the flagellates of 

 the trypanosome group have a stage devoid of a kinetoplast is still wanting. 

 At certain stages of development of these flagellates, especially when they 

 assume the leishmania form, the kinetoplast approximates to the nucleus 

 to such an extent that the two frequently lie in complete apposition, and 

 by some observers they have been supposed to fuse. Roubaud (19116, 

 1911c) described such a fusion in the leishmania forms of Herpetomonas 

 (Leptomonas) sudanensis, a flagellate of an African fly (Pycnosoma), but that 

 actual union had taken place seems very doubtful. In this connection, 

 mention may be made of the remarkable process of union of kinetoplast and 

 nucleus, which was first described by Moore and Breinl (1907) for Trypano- 

 soma gambiense, and later by the same observers (1908) for T. equip er dum ; 

 by Moore, Breinl, and Hindle (1908) for T. lewisi ; and by Fantham (1911) 

 for T. ga?nbiense and T. rhodesiense. The process is described as taking 

 place in the blood and organs of heavily infected experimental animals. 

 A periodic variation in the number of trypanosomes in the blood occurs, 

 and at the height of the wave there appear in the blood forms which possess 

 an axial filament extending from the kinetoplast to the nucleus. The 

 filament, which is supposed to consist of chromatin material, breaks up 

 into granules which fuse with the nucleus. The cytoplasm of the trypano- 

 some is then cast of!, leaving a small rounded body ("latent body"), 

 consisting of little more than the nucleus with which the chromatin of 

 the kinetoplast is supposed to have united. The " latent bodies " are 

 to be found in the smears of the lung, spleen, and other organs. They are 

 said to give rise to trypanosomes again by formation of cytoplasm around 

 them, while by division of the intranuclear centrosome, one half of which 

 separates, the new kinetoplast is formed. In the work of Moore, Breinl, 

 and Hindle, the transformation of the trypanosome into the "latent 

 body," and the converse process of the growth of the latter into the try- 

 panosome, was studied in stained films in which a series of forms supposed 

 to illustrate the process were depicted. That leishmania forms do actually 

 occur during the course of development of many trypanosomes, and that 



