432 FAMILY: TRYPANOSOMIDiE 



That the dog is susceptible to inoculation with L. tropica was first proved by 

 Nicolle and Manceaux (1910). These animals developed sores after inoculation 

 of virus from human cases or from cultures. The virus was handed on from dog to 

 dog. Laveran (1915rf, 19 IG) produced local lesions in dogs by inoculating material 

 from the organs of mice which, as will be shown below, are liable to a generalized 

 infection of L. tro2)ica. Dogs which had recovered from a first infection are found 

 to be reinoculable, but a second attack conferred an immunity against further 

 infection. Attempts at the production of a general infection in dogs like that in 

 kala azar, by injection of virus intraperitoneally or intravenously, by Nicolle and 

 I\Iauceaux, Laveran and the writer, have given only negative results. The duration 

 of the inoculated disease in dogs is much shorter than in man. 



With the South American virus the writer (1913) succeeded in inoculating a dog 

 oil the ear directly from a human case. A cat was also infected. Strong and his 

 co-workers (1913) also infected a dog with the South American virus. 



Monkeys were first inoculated by Nicolle and Sicre (1908a). Since then, Nicolle 

 has extended his observations, and successful results have also been obtained by 

 Row (1910), Patton (1912), Bouilliez (1917a), and Laveran (1912fZ, 1917). Various 

 species of Macacus and Cercopithecus and the mandrill {Cynocephalus mormon) are 

 found to be susceptible. The lesions produced resemble more closely those in man, 

 but they are of shorter duration. With the South American virus the writer (1913) 

 produced cutaneous lesions in a baboon. Sant' Anna (1913) successfully inoculated 

 a species of Cercopithecus. 



The observation made first by Row in India that local skin lesions could be 

 produced in monkeys by inoculating L. donovani has been referred to above (p. 415). 



Mice were first shown to bo susceptible to L. tropica by Gonder (1913). The 

 animals inoculated intraperitoneally with large doses of culture developed not only 

 a general infection, but also swelling and cutaneous lesions of the legs and tail. 

 Leishmania were present in all these lesions, and there was marked enlargement of 

 the liver and spleen. General infections m mice were also produced by Row ( 1 914a), 

 Sergent, Ed. (1915), and Pavoni (1915), and especially by Laveran (1914?), 1915/?, c), 

 who has studied the question in detail. As a result of numerous experiments, it 

 appears that in Laveran' s hands the animals were easily infected by intraperitoneal 

 injection of cultures or virus from other animals. In most cases, the first signs of 

 infection in male mice, with which Laveran chiefly worked, is an infiltration of the 

 peritesticular connective tissue, which becomes much thickened and oedematous, 

 and is found to contain large numbers of parasites. Subsequent to this infection, a 

 general infection of the internal organs takes place, associated with oedema of the 

 limbs and tail. Fluid from these parts is found to contain parasites. The skin over 

 the swollen testicular region, tail, and limbs breaks down and ulcers result. In 

 female mice local skin lesions alone often appear. 



Of a series of sixty-seven mice which were infected, forty-three showed only the 

 local lesions without a general infection, fifteen had both local lesions and a slight 

 general infection, while nine had local lesions and a fairly intense general infection. 

 Mice as a rule do not show signs of infection for about a month. 



The disease progresses for several months, and the animals may die or recover. 

 The results of inoculation of mice with L. tropica thus appear to differ in a very 

 striking manner from those obtained with L. donovani. Row (1914a, 1924), on the 

 other hand, working in India, has produced general infections in mice with L. tropica. 

 but has never noted the involvement of the skin or testes. The animals have reacted 

 in every way as they do towards L. donovani, the parasites being numerous in 

 the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. In some cases localized infections of the mucosa 

 of the small intestine were noted in regions where lymphoid tissue occurred. 



