390 FAMILY: TRYPANOSOMID.E 



The cabbage leaves, which are heavily infested with bugs, become yellow and 

 unhealthy. In these, Franchini claims to have found the flagellates and leishmania 

 forms. In a discussion which took place after the announcement, Roubaud stated 

 that he had frequently observed the intestinal infection of the bugs, but, though he 

 had specially looked for them, he had failed entirely to find flagellates in the salivary 

 glands of the bugs or in the tissues of the cabbages. In another paper Franchini 

 {ld22d) describes as Critliidia oxycareni an intestinal crithidia of the bug Oxycarenus 

 lavaterce, which lives in bushes of the species Altea syriaca. He states that he found 

 leishmania forms of the flagellate in the ffecal deposits of the hug on the surface of 

 the leaves, and that these forms occurred also in the tissues of the leaves. Franchini 

 (1922(7) states that he examined a number of latex-producing plants in the Botanical 

 Gardens in Paris, with the following results: Flagellates of the trypanosome 

 type were seen in five species of the family Euphorbiacese {Euphorbia calyculata, E. 

 nereifoUa, E. viroso, Elteophorbia drupifera, Exocwria emmarginaia), and leishmania 

 forms in one (Manihot dichotoma). Crithidia were seen in one of the Asclepiadacese 

 {Cryptosteiga grandiflora). Of two Apocynacese, leptomouas were present in Cerbera 

 odollam, and a large trypanosome with membrane but no flagellum in Caudronia 

 javanensis. Amongst the Urticaceae, trypanosome forms were found in Ficus 

 benjamina and leishmania forms in Ficus tliolloni. Of the Sapotacese examined, 

 Sideroxylon inerme contained a herpetomonas (leptomonas) form, Clirysojjhyllum 

 glabrum and C. sp. a large trypanosome with undulating membrane and no flageUum. 

 The statement is made that mice were inoculated, and that trypanosomes were seen 

 in the blood. It will be noted that in an earlier paper, Laveran and Franchini stated 

 that the Euphorbias of Paris were not infected, and that they were successfully 

 inoculated with L. ctenocepholi. Franchini (1922A;) has described the presence of 

 flagellates of the leptomonas, crithidia, and trypanosome type in the juice of the 

 fruit and the latex of F. parietalis. They have been cultivated, and with the 

 cultures mice were inoculated. Leishmania forms were found in the blood of the 

 animals. In a later paper (1922m) an account is given of attempts to infect Euphor- 

 bias with other flagellates. With cultures of Leishmania tropica, E. segetalis was 

 infected ; with L. donovani, E. ipecacuanha ; and with Herpetomonas muscarum , E. 

 geniculata. The infected plants were constantly in poor condition compared with 

 the controls, while leishmania forms occurred regularly in the plant juices for as long 

 as three months. Franchini (1923a) again claims to have successfully infected 

 Euphorbias with the intestinal flagellates of Musca dGmestica, Sarcophaga 7 {vriior- 

 rhoidalis, Calliphora erythrocephala, and Pentatoma ornatum. Shortt (1923) has noted 

 the persistence of Lejytomonas ctenocephali for six days after being introduced into 

 a small excavation on a bough of a Euphorbia plant. As will be seen below, many 

 of the statements contained in papers to which Franchini' s name is attached, and 

 which describe successful inoculations of insect flagellates to vertebrates, are of 

 such a nature that it seems impossible to estimate their real value. It is evident 

 that many of them cannot be accepted till reliable confirmation is forthcoming. 



RECORDED PHYTOMONAS INFECTIONS OF PLANTS. 



Euphorbiacese. 



E. brasiliensis, Noguchi, 1924, Honduras. 



E. callitrichoides. Strong, 1924, Central America. 



E. caproni, Monti (quoted by Visentini, 1914), Sardinia. 



E. cereiformis, Franchini, 1923, France, 



E. cyparissias, Aubertot, 1923, Alsace. Bruni, 1925, France. 



E. dulcis, Laveran and Franchini, 1920, Italy. 



