TRYPANOSOMES OF CHEIROPTERA 479 



{Nesokia gigantea) of India, and closely resembles T. lewisi, from whicli 

 it differs in that it is inoculable to guinea-pigs, in which it gives rise to 

 fatal infections. The naturally infected animals are always young, a fact 

 which suggests that an immunity is developed, as in the case of T. lewisi 

 in the rat. 



T. akodoni Carini and Maciel, 1915, in the South American rat, 

 Akodon fuliginosus ; T. eburneensce Delanoe, 1915, of the West African rat, 

 Rattus couchar ; T. guist'hani Delanoe, 1915, of the Savannah rat, and 

 T. crocidurce Brumpt, 1923, of the shrew, Crocidura russulus, of France, are 

 all of the T. lewisi type, but in no case is the complete development known. 



(b) Trypanosomes of Cheiroptera. 



A trypanosome of the bat was first noted by Dionisi (1899a) in Italy 

 in Miniopterus schreibersii. Donovan (quoted by Laveran and Mesnil, 

 1904) found trypanosomes in the large Indian bat, Pteropus tnedius. 

 Battaglia (1904) gave the name T. vespertilionis to a trypanosome of 

 Vesperugo noctula, while Ed. and Et. Sergent (1905) described T. nicol- 

 leorum and T. vespertilionis from the North African bats, Myotis rnurinus 

 and Vespertilio kuhli. In the same year Petrie (1905) saw a trypanosome 

 in the English bat, Vesperugo pipistrellus. It was found later in the same 

 bat in other parts of Europe, while Bettencourt and Franga (1905) in 

 Portugal found it in three species of Vesperugo (F. pipistrellus, V. serotinus, 

 and V. nattereri), and named it T. dionisii. Cartaya (1910) described, 

 under the name of T. phyllostomcp, a trypanosome of the American bat, 

 Phyllostoma perspicillatuyn . 



Laveran and Mesnil (1912) state that in their opinion all these various 

 forms belong to T. vespertilionis Battaglia, 1904, which has a striking 

 resemblance to T. cruzi (Fig. 201, i). Nicolle and Comte (19086), in 

 Tunis, found Vespertilio kuhli to be commonly infected with the large and 

 small trypanosomes described as separate species by Ed. and Et. Sergent 

 (1905). They expressed the opinion that they both belonged to the one 

 species, T. vespertilionis. Cultures on blood-agar medium were obtained, 

 and these were easily carried on by subculture. Nicolle and Comte 

 (1909) attempted to infect three young bats by means of the cultural 

 forms, but no infections resulted. Laveran and Mesnil (1912) state that 

 these observers succeeded in infecting one out of twenty bats inoculated. 

 The writer (1909) described a larger trypanosome from the Sudan bat, 

 Megaderma frons, under the name of T. inegaderynce (Fig. 201, 2). It has 

 a length of 40 microns, and is distinctly larger than the largest known 

 forms of T. vespertilionis, which varies in length from 14 to 24 microns 

 and in breadth 1 to 2 microns. Iturbe and Gonzalez (1916) described as 

 T. lineatus a trypanosome seen by them in the Venezuelan bat, Vampirops 



