INFECTION THROUGH PLACENTA AND FILTER PASSERS 519 



themselves infected, and that they are just as susceptible to inoculation 

 as the parent was in the first place. An infected animal often gives birth 

 to still-born young, and in some instances the young born alive have been 

 found infected. The first observation of intra-uterine infection was made 

 by Sivori and Lecler (1902), who noted that a guinea-pig infected with 

 T. equinum of mal de Caderas gave birth to an infected young one. 

 Sergent, Ed., Et., and Lheritier (1919) showed that the blood of still- 

 born offspring of camels infected with T. herherum was infective to dogs. 

 Sergent, Ed., Et., and Donatien (1920) further reported the finding 

 of trypanosomes in the organs of still-born camels, and noted that if the 

 infection in the parent is in the acute condition, the foetus becomes 

 infected, while no infection takes place if the parent has clinically 

 recovered, though its blood is still infective to laboratory animals. 

 Bassett-Smith (1919) and Stevenson (1919) showed that trypano- 

 somes occurred in the organs of the foetuses of rats which were infected 

 with T. rhodesiense. Bassett-Smith (1921) also noted that young guinea- 

 pigs born of a parent infected with T. gmnbiense showed trypanosomes 

 in the blood about a month after birth. In this case, the infection 

 may have occurred through the milk. A guinea-pig born of an infected 

 parent and another born of a healthy parent were exchanged. The 

 healthy mother, suckling the infected young one, did not acquire 

 an infection, nor did the healthy young one become infected, 

 though suckled by the infected parent. Nattan-Larrier (1921) showed 

 that T. cruzi sometimes passed through the placenta to the foetus in 

 guinea-pigs. 



The question of transmission of trypanosomes from parent to offspring 

 by way of the milk has been studied by Lanfranchi (1915, 1916, 1918, 

 1918a). Infected dogs, cats, guinea-pigs, and rats were used. Milk from 

 infected animals was inoculated into susceptible animals, and infections 

 were produced with T. brucei, T. rhodesiense, T. gambiense, T. evansi, and 

 " T. lanfranchi " (T. evansi). Offspring suckled by infected mothers 

 became infected with T. brucei, T. gambiense, and " T. lanfranchi." 

 Nattan-Larrier (1913) noted that T. cruzi was frequently present in the 

 milk of infected animals and T. equiperdmn occasionally. Velu and 

 Eyraud (1916) noted that one pup of a litter suckled by a bitch infected 

 with the horse trypanosome of Morocco, T. moroccanum (T. evansi), 

 acquired the infection. Evans (1880) noted that a pup which was suckled 

 by a bitch infected with T. evansi acquired the infection. Kellesberger 

 (1925) has seen a woman and her ten-day-old infant both with trypano- 

 somiasis in the Congo. It would seem probable that this was an instance 

 of intra-uterine infection. The degree of enlargement of the spleen and 

 the number of trypanosomes in the blood of the infant would seem to 



