588 FAMILY: TRYPAXOSOMIDyE 



name T. pontyi to a trypanosome of the tortoise, Sternotherus derbianus, of 

 Africa. T. chelodina was recorded from Chelodina longicollis by Johnson 

 (1907), and what is probably the same form from Emydura hrefftii by 

 Johnston and Gleland (1910, 1912), who saw it also in C. longicollis. 



In aquatic snakes trypanosomes also occur. Mathis and Leger (1909fl) 

 gave the name T. primeti to a trypanosome discovered by them in Tropi- 

 donotus piscator and Hypsirhina chinensis (Fig. 236, 1-2). There occur 

 large forms measuring 105 by 14 microns and small forms measuring 

 57 by 7 microns. Brumpt (1914a) saw a trypanosome which he named 

 T. brazili in the Brazilian water snake, Helicops modestus. He demon- 

 strated a complete development terminating in metacyclic trypanosomes 

 in the leeches, Placobdella brasiliensis and P. catenigera (Fig. 452). The 

 whole of the development was confined to the stomach, no infection of the 

 proboscis sheath occurring even after several months. Brumpt suggests 

 the possibility of snakes becoming infected by swallowing the leeches. 

 In the case of another snake [Rhadmcea merremii), specimens of the leech, 

 P. brasiliensis, which had been allowed to feed on it were later found to 

 contain developmental stages of a trypanosome. The snake was then 

 carefully examined, and found to have a small infection of a trypanosome 

 resembling T. brazili. 



2. Trypanosomes of Amphibia. 

 (a) Trypanosomes of Anura. 



Ghige (1842) appears to have been the first to have seen what was probably a 

 trypanosome in the blood of the frog-. In the following year Mayer described 

 various forms of the same organism under the names of Amceba rotatorium. Para- 

 mecium loricatum, P. costatnm, while later in the year Gruby gave a better descrip- 

 tion, and suggested for it the new name Trfipanosoma sanguinis. The trypanosome 

 was seen by other observers, and Lieberkiilni (1870) proposed the name Monas 

 rotatoria and Eay Lankester (1871) the name TJndulina ranarum. Grassi (1881- 

 1882) studied the trypanosome in various frogs and toads, and separated from 

 T. sanquinis the forms which, though possessing a membrane, appeared to have no 

 flagellum. under the name of Paramecioides costatns. These were evidently the 

 forms studied by Mayer, and named by him Paramecium costatnm. The trypano- 

 somes of frogs and toads were then studied by various observers in many parts of 

 the world, and owing to their extreme polymorphism, numerous names appeared 

 which are undoubtedly synonyms. 



Noller (1913&) has studied the whole question, and has come to the conclusion 

 that only two certain species are represented amongst the large number of trypano- 

 somes described from frogs and toads — viz., T. rotatorium (Mayer, 1843), and T. inojii- 

 natum Sergent, 1904. 



Trypanosomes conforming to one or other of the types seen in T. rotatorium 

 have been described from frogs and toads from various parts of the world, but it is 

 not possible definitely to assert that they all belong to one species, though in many 

 cases this is highly probable (Fig. 238). The following names, which may be synonyms 



