436 FAMILY: TRYPANOSOMID^ 



found in Phleboiomus minutiis in Assam. Sliortt (1925) has examined the original 

 preparations, and finds that it is actually a Bodo, the name of which is therefore 

 Bodo phlebotomi. 



Later Mackie again encountered flagellates in sand flies in the same locality. On 

 this occasion elongate forms definitely crithidial in type were present in the films which 

 were seen by the writer, so that it is evident that the flagellate was not a leptomonas. 

 It may represent a trypanosom.e of a lizard, on which these flies are known to feed. 

 Laveran and Fran chini (1920, 1920b) state that they found a flagellate which they call 

 H. iMehotomi in P. papatasi in Italy. In this case, again, the figures of the organism 

 might be interpreted as representing crithidia. Cultures were obtained, and with 

 them two dogs were inoculated in the skin of the thigh. One developed a local 

 lesion resembling oriental sore, and the other a generaUzed infection like kala azar. 

 In both cases leishmania forms of the flagellate were said to occur in the lesions. 

 Patton (1919, 1920) refers to H. pHebotomi in connection with remarks on the 

 probable transmission of oriental sore in Mesopotamia by P. papatasi and P. minutiis. 

 He has informed the writer that he did not actually see the flagellates in these flies. 



Sergent, Ed. and Et., Parrot, Donatien, and Beguet (1921) had sand flies sent 

 from Biskra to Algiers, a three days' journey. On one occasion seven P.jjapatasi 

 received were crushed in saline and inoculated into the skin of a human being by 

 scarification. Two months and twenty-four days later a papule which changed 

 into a typical sore containing leishmania appeared, though flagellates had not been 

 seen in the inoculated material. Aragao (1922) in South America fed P. inter- 

 medius on sores, and three days later crushed them in saline. This material was 

 applied to a scarification on the nose of a dog, which developed a sore in which 

 leishmania were found. These experiments prove that the sand fiy can carry the 

 virus in a virulent form for at least three days, for in the case of the flies employed 

 by the French observers it is possible that they had just fed on a sore in the military 

 hospital at Biskra, where they were caught. The experiments of Adler and Theodor 

 (1925«) are more conclusive. In a single P. papatasi in Palestine numerous lepto- 

 monas were found in the whole extent of the alimentary canal, including the oeso- 

 phagus and its diverticulum. The flagellates were inoculated into the skin of a 

 human being on June 26. On July 31a small papule had formed, and in it leish- 

 mania were found. Adler informs the writer that another positive inoculation 

 from a naturally infected fly has been made, while flies have been infected with 

 flagellates by allowing them to feed on oriental sores. 



Hippoboscidse. — Gachet (1915) noted that the dogs of Teheran were heavily 

 infested with Ilippobosca canina. Examining a fly which had just gorged itself on 

 a sore on the face of a dog, leishmania were found in the blood in its stomach . Gachet 

 thinks that the frequence of cutaneous leishmaniasis of dogs in Teheran may be due 

 to the prevalence of this fly. 



Stomoxys. — The writer (191 la) showed that Stomoxys were capable of taking up 

 leishmania from a sore, but no development took place. 



House Flies.— Laveran (18806) first suggested that the oriental sore of Biskra 

 might be due to fly transmission. The writer ( 191 la) and Patton (1912) experimented 

 with house flies, but found that the leishmania degenerated after being ingested. 

 Cardamatis and Melissidis (1911rt) claim that L. tropica persists in flies up to six days, 

 but they were undoubtedly observing the natural flagellates of the fly. It is, how- 

 ever, highly probable that the house fly, which swarms around the exposed sores, 

 especially in children, may sometimes carry the virus on its feet or proboscis to 

 abrasions on the skin of another person. The leishmania may also pass rapidly 

 through the gut of the fly and be deposited with the dejecta, as occurs with other 



