FAMILY: BODONID.^ 607 



made the interesting observation that in okl cultures there appeared 

 trypanosome forms, which were evolved from the crithidia forms which 

 occurred earlier. This was a clear demonstration that the cultural forms 

 resemble in type and sequence those which occur in the invertebrate host 



(Fig. 248). 



3. Family: bodonidte Doflein, 1901. 



In this family are included a number of flagellates which have one or 

 more anteriorly directed fiagella, and one which is often, though not always, 

 longer and thicker than the others, and which trails behind the organism 

 during progression as a trailing flagellum. The simplest forms belong to 

 the genus Bodo, and have been described under various names [Cystomonas 

 Blanchard, 1885, Prowazekia Hartmann and Chagas, 1910, etc.) as occur- 

 ring in human faeces and also urine. 



Oenus: Bodo (Ehrenberg, 1830) Stein, 1875. 

 The flagellates belonging to this genus have ovoid bodies, an antero- 

 lateral cytostome, a central nucleus and a kinetoplast consisting of a 

 parabasal body, and two blepharoplasts, from which arise the axonemes 

 of the two fiagella. Species of Bodo occur commonly in stagnant water 

 and infusions, so their presence in faeces and urine is usually the result of 

 the development of encysted forms which have gained entrance to the 

 material from the air, or the receptacle, or have been ingested and passed 

 through the alimentary canal. In the case of the faecal forms, it seems 

 clear that in all cases the organisms which have been described as Bodo 

 or Proivazehia have been purely coprozoic forms which have developed 

 after the stool has been passed. Thus Porter (1918) describes cases of 

 human infection with P. cruzi and B. stercoralis in South Africa without 

 producing any evidence that such extraneous sources of contamination 

 have been excluded. A number of observers have claimed to have found 

 Bodo-\ike organisms in urine. None of these accounts is entirely satis- 

 factory, and having regard to the fact that organisms develop very rapidly 

 in decomposing urine outside the body, in most cases it is safe to assume 

 that the flagellates have developed after the urine had been passed. In 

 other cases the flagellates may have been Trichomonas, which are known 

 to occur in the urethra, and are quickly changed in appearance by the 

 action of urine. In one instance, however, Powell and Kohiyar (1920) 

 have described a case in which flagellates were present in the urine drawn 

 aseptically from the bladder of a man in India. The case was repeatedly 

 examined during five years, and the organism was constantly present. It 

 is described as a " Bodo-like " organism, but the details of its structure 

 were not accurately made out. The writer has examined some of the 

 fixed material, and can only say that the flagellate which was present had 



