616 FAMILY: EMBADOMONADID^ 



Genus: Embadomonas Mackinnon, 1911. 

 The genus Embadojnonas was founded by Mackinnon (1911, 1915) 

 for flagellates found in the intestine of tipulid and trichopteran larvae. 

 Two species were described in these insects. Later a form was discovered 

 by the writer and O'Connor (1917) in Egypt in the human intestine, since 

 when other forms have been found in the intestine of vertebrates and 

 invertebrates. 



EMBADOMONAS IN MAN. 



Embadomonas intestinalis (Wenyon and O'Connor, 1917). — This 

 flagellate was found in man in Egypt in two cases by the writer and 

 O'Connor (1917). They placed the flagellate in a new genus as Waskia 

 intestinalis, but it was evident, as first pointed out by Chalmers and 

 Pekkola (1918), that it really belongs to Mackinnon's genus Embadomonas. 

 Fonseca (1920) expressed the opinion that the genus Waskia should be 

 retained, but it is quite clear that the human parasite shows no features 

 of generic value which will differentiate it from the genus Embadomonas. 

 Since E. intestinalis was first described in Egypt, it has been discovered 

 in other localities. It was found by Kofoid, Kornhauser, and Plate 

 (1919) in New York in four men who had returned from overseas, and in 

 four who had not been abroad. Hogue (19216) has reported one case from 

 Baltimore. Broughton-Alcock and Thomson (1922a) have seen a case in 

 a man who had returned to London from China, while Jepps (1923) reports 

 cases from Malaya. As will be shown below (p. 633), Chalmers and 

 Pekkola (1919a) included this flagellate in their Dij)locercomonas suda- 

 nensis which they described in the Sudan. A form identical in every way 

 with E. intestinalis was seen by the writer in the caecum of a guinea-pig 

 which had been sent to Macedonia from Egypt in 1918, while he has 

 cultivated the flagellate on three occasions from guinea-pigs, and once 

 from a wild rat in England. 



In the cases examined by the writer and O'Connor in Egypt the 

 flagellates, when present in the diarrhoeic stool, occurred in large numbers. 

 In fresh material these were very active, and progressed in a peculiar jerky 

 manner. The long thin anterior flagellum performed lashing movements, 

 and it was evidently the organ of progression. The shorter and thicker 

 flagelluni which protruded through the cytostome had a more regular and 

 slower action. The shape of the body varied considerably (Fig. 255). 

 Some forms were elongate and about three times as long as they were 

 broad, while others were almost spherical. Sometimes the posterior end 

 of the body was drawn out into a tapering process. When seen with tlie 

 cytostome at the side, the narrow forms often had an outline resembling 

 that of a bird. In length the flagellates varied from 4 to 9 microns, and 



