Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 331 



graybacks outnumber the Bluebacks in the northern part of their range, these authors 

 were certain that large catches of Bluebacks were taken in the Gulf of Maine from time 

 to time. In Nova Scotia the Bluebacks are rather uncommon and of slight value whereas 

 the graybacks are common and of considerable economic importance (l2g: ^^). Some 

 statistics showing the combined catches of the two species, designated "alewives," are 

 given in the account of the grayback (p. 338). 



Fluctuations, Methods of Fishing, and Artificial Propagation. The remarks in the ac- 

 count of the grayback concerning fluctuations, effects of fishing, methods of fishing, 

 and artificial culture, also apply in general to the Blueback. 



Range. The range of this species extends all the way from Cape Breton, Nova 

 Scotia {15: 107, ftn. 92), to the St. Johns River, Florida; it is the most numerous 

 southward. 



Synonyms and References: 



Chipea aestivalis Mitchill, Rep. in part on Fishes of New York, 1814: 21 (orig. descr.; type local, presumably 

 New York; type lost); Mitchill, Trans. Lit. philos. Soc. N. Y., I, 181 5: 456 (descr.); Jordan and Gil- 

 bert, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 16, 1882: 267 (cf. C.verna/is Mitchill =-■ C.pseudoharengus Wilson; distinct. 

 char., range, synon.); Bean, T. H., Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 6, 1883: 366 (migr. in Chesapeake Bay); 

 McDonald in Goode et a/., Fish. Fish. Industr. U.S., i, 1884: 579-588, pis. 209, 210 (hist, of 

 nomencl., abund., geogr. distr., food, reprod., size, uses); Goode, Amer. Fishes, 1888: 393 (discus, 

 relation, with P . -pseudoharengus; names, abund., spawn., etc.). 



Pornolobus aestivalis Jordan and Evermann Bull. U. S. nat. Mus. 47 (i), 1896: 426; 47 (4), 1900: fig. 190 

 (cf P. pseudoharengus; descr., synon.); Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. (1897), ij, 1898: 91 (Woods 

 Hole, Massachusetts); Evermann and Kendall, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1899), 1900: 55 (St. Johns 

 R., Welaka, Volusia Bar at Lake George, and Lake Monroe, Florida); Smith, N. C. geol. econ. 

 Surv., 2, 1907: 124, fig. 42, pi. 4 in color (synon., descr., range, habits, distinct, char.); Kendall, 

 Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 7, 1908: 38 (refs., New England); Evermann and Hildebrand, Proc. 

 biol. Soc. Wash., 23, 1910: 158 (Bryans Pt., Maryland); Sumner, et al.. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (191 1), 

 31 (2), 1913: 742 (refs., Woods Hole, Massachusetts, parasites); Regan, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (8) ig, 

 1917: 300 (descr.); Kuntz and Radcliffe, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., J5, 1918: 123, figs. 87-100 (develop. 

 of egg and young; fig. too apparently not this species); Welsh and Breder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (1923), 

 jp, 1924: 159 (eaten by Cynoscion regalis); Bigelow and Welsh, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (1924), 40 (l), 

 1925: no, fig. 45 (descr., size, range, Gulf of Maine); Nichols and Breder, Zoologica, N. Y., 9(1), 

 1927: 39, fig. (distr. New York, s. New England, life hist., develop., size); Hildebrand and Schroeder, 

 Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. (1927), ./j (i), 1928: 85, figs. 44-50 (synon., descr., cf P. pseudoharengus, 

 habits, growth rate of young, commerc. import., range, Chesapeake Bay); Truitt, Bean, and Fowler, Bull. 

 Md. Conserv. Dep., 3, 1929: 50 (descr., Maryland); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atl. Cst., 1929: 66, 

 fig. (range, migr., spawn., size); Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 

 42 (names, synon., range); Greeley, 24th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep. (1934), Suppl., g, 1935: 89, pi. i 

 color (midsection of Hudson R.; cf P. pseudoharengus); Vladykov and McKenzie, Proc. N. S. Inst. 

 Sci., ig (i), 1935: 55, fig. 29 (Nova Scotia); Gudger, Amer. Mus. Novit., 945, 1937: 1-6 (colonial 

 hydroid on back); Greeley, 26th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep. (1936), Suppl., 11, 1937: 73 ("summer 

 herring"), 91 (abund. Hudson R., migr. of adults and young); Greeley, 28th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep. 

 (1938), Suppl., 15 (2), 1939: 82 (Long Island, New York); Bigelow and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Bur. 

 Fish., 48 {id), 1936: 327 (adults captured off Barnegat, New Jersey); Anonymous, Fish. Resourc. 

 U.S., Senate Doc. 51, 1945: iii, 66, fig. (migr., range, commerc. import., methods of capture, causes for 

 decline, remedies; consid. with P. pseudoharengus, not separately); Bigelow and Schroeder, Fish. Bull. 

 (74) U. S. Fish Wildlife Serv., 5J, 1953: 106-107 (descr., habits. Gulf of Maine). 



Pornolobus cyanonoton Bean, T. H., 7th Rep. Forest Comm. N. Y. (1901), 1902: 305, fig. (synon., migr., time 

 and place of spawn.); Bean, T. H., Bull. N. Y. St. Mus., 60, Zool. 9, 1903: 202 (synon., migr., local 



