Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 395 



Variation. H. pensacolac has been subdived into five subspecies, nzmeXy floridana, 

 caribbaea, cubana, pinensis, and majorina, the alternative characters of which were pub- 

 lished in 1950 (rog: key, 279): floridana Rivas 1950, a large-eyed form from the 

 Florida Keys; caribbaea Rivas 1950, based on specimens with fewer gill rakers and 

 a more slender body, from the Caribbean, and Central and South America — Nicaragua 

 to Colombia, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; cubana Rivas 1950 and pinensis 

 Rivas 1950, for those from northwestern Cuba and Isle of Pines, respectively; and 

 majorina Storey 1 938, for those from the Lesser Antilles, St. Lucia southward, and along 

 the coast of South America from Venezuela to and including Brazil. These slightly 

 different forms broadly intergrade with one another. As geographical separation of 

 them would obviously be purely arbitrary, they are all united here under the specific 

 name pensacolae. 



Synonyms and References: 



Harengula humeralis (not C/upea humeralis Cuvier 1829), Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 20, 

 1847: 293 (descr., comments, local, in part; Guadeloupe, Rio de Janeiro to the West Indies; Brazil; 

 Bahia; Surinam); Castclnau, Anim. Rares Amer. Sud, 2, 1855 : 56 (ref. in part, comments, Bahia, Brazil); 

 Jordan, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., JJ, 1891 : 314 (Bahia, Brazil); Jordan and Thompson, Bull. U. S. Bur. 

 Fish., 2^, 1905: 233 (abund., use as bait, Tortugas, Florida); Fowler, Proc. .'^cad. nat. Sci. Philad., 

 J(?, 1906: 83, fig. 3 (color, Marquesas Keys and Hailer's Rock, Florida); 6y, 191 5: 247 (Clearwater 

 and Palm Beach, Florida). 



Clupea humeralis (not of Cuvier 1829), Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 7, 1868: 422 (synon., refs., descr., 

 range, all in part); Cope, in part. Trans. Amer. philos. Soc, 14 (3), 1871 : 483 (ref., St. Croix); Jordan, 

 Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 9, 1887: 561 (synon. exclud.. West Indies). 



Harengula pensacolae Goode and Bean, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 2, 1879: 152 (orig. descr., compar., Pensacola, 

 Florida); Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 2, 1880: 343 (char., Clearwater Harbor, Florida); Jordan and Gilbert, 

 Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 16, 1882: 268 (descr.); Lonnberg, Ofvers Svensk. Vet. Akad. Forh., 57 (3), 1894: 

 114 (abund., use, St. Petersburg, Florida); Regan, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (8) ig, 1917: 387, 388 

 (char, in key, synon., ref., descr.; Florida; Trinidad); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., yi" (2), 

 1919: 129, 133, 144, 151 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; St. Martin, West Indies; St. Croix; habitat, behav., 

 capture, Useppa I., Florida); yS, 1926: 250 (size, color., Boca Grande, Florida); 80, 1928: 456, 462 

 (Haiti; Puerto Rico); Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 46, 1933: 58 (size, Calcasieu Lake, Louisiana); Proc. 

 Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., gz, 1940: 2 (size, Boca Grande, Florida); Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 7, 

 1945 : 104, 266 (synon., ref., size, use; Elizabeth City, N. Carolina; Florida locals.); Jordan, Evermann, 

 and Clark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, App. 10, 1930: 44 (range, Florida); Longley, Carneg. 

 Instn. Yearbk., 31, 1932: 299 (nomencL); Hubbs, Publ. Carneg. Instn. Wash., 457, 1936: 174 (char., 

 nomencL, compar., Champoton, Campeche, Yucatan); Storey, Stanf. Ichthyol. Bull., -T (i), 1938: 3, 7, 

 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 33, 50, figs. I, 2, 4-11, 13 (relation., range, char., cf. H. majorina, descr., 

 diagn., Florida and Texas locals.; Yucatin, Mexico); Hildebrand in Longley and Hildebrand, Publ. 

 Carneg. Instn. Wash., 535, 1941: 11 (synon. oi H.macrophthalma; gill rakers). 



Clupea pensacolae Jordan, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 7, 1884: 107 (abund., compar., color. Key West, Florida); 

 Jordan and Swain, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 7, 1884: 230 (color, relation.. Cedar Keys, Florida); Jordan, 

 Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1885), App. 2, £(24), 1887: 36 (N.America); Henshall, Bull. U. S. Fish 

 Comm., 9, 1891 : 385 (abund., range, Florida Keys; w. Florida). 



Harengula arcuata (not Clupea arcuata Jenyns 1842), Jordan, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 12, 1890: 645, 646 

 (char, in key, synon. in part; St. Lucia; Florida locals.); Henshall, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 9, 1891: 

 373 (synon. in part, abund., Florida locals.); Evermann and Kendall, BuU. U. S. Fish Comm., 12, 1894: 

 105 (compar., Texas locals.). 



Sardinella humeralis (not Clupea humeralis Cuvier 1829), Jordan and Evermann, BuU. U. S. nat. Mus., 4'j (l), 

 1896: 428, 431 (char, in key, descr., range, synon. and ref. in part, types oi H. pensacolae design.); Rep. 

 U.S. Comm. Fish. (1895), 1896: 283 (range, ref.); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., $1, 1900: 



