Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 361 



Bay of Fundy on the New Brunswick side; though they have not frequented these 

 waters subsequently, except for occasional strays (see above), they have been plentiful 

 off and on westward. In years when these fish were plentiful, their chief centers of 

 abundance north of Cape Cod have been the Massachusetts Bay region, the region 

 of Casco Bay, and among the islands thence eastward to Penobscot Bay, where they may 

 congregate as much as 40—50 miles out from the land. But they have never been 

 reported for the central part of the Gulf or for the off-lying fishing banks. 



Although the Atlantic Menhaden's appearances and disappearances are unpredict- 

 able for any given locality, they are far more regularly and uniformly numerous south- 

 ward from Cape Cod than northward, not only along the open coast but within the larger 

 bays and sounds as well. Landings southward from New York for 1954, the most recent 

 year for which pertinent catch statistics are at hand, were as follows: 136 million 

 pounds for New York and New Jersey, 306 million for Delaware, 160 million for North 

 Carolina, 42 million for northeastern Florida, but only four million pounds for Mary- 

 land and Virginia combined, and about the same amount for South Carolina. While these 

 data might suggest centers of greatest abundance at some areas along the American 

 coast compared to others, it seems more likely that they reflect not only the economic 

 laws of supply and demand, but the wide and varied patterns of distribution that have 

 been discussed under Fluctuations in Abundance (p. 358). 



Synonyms and References: 



Clupea tyrannus Latrobe, Trans. Amer. philos. Soc, 5, 1802: 77, pi. i (drawn without dorsal; no descr.; t>-pe 



local. Chesapeake Bay; notes probably applicable to some species of Pomo/oius; an isopod, Olencira 



fraegustator, from mouth descr.). 

 Clupea menhaden Mitchill, Rep. in part on Fishes of New York, 18 14: 21 (orig. descr.; t}pe local, presumably 



New York); Mitchill, Trans. Lit. philos. Soc. N. Y., J, 1815: 453 (descr.; New York; use as fertilizer); 



Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 7, 1868: 436 (synon., descr.). 

 Clupea neglecta Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag., 2 (3), 1818: 206 (orig. descr.; type local. Long Island, New 



York). 

 jilosa menhaden De Kay, New York Fauna, Pt. 4: Fishes, 1842: 259, pi. 21, fig. 60 (descr., import.. New York); 



Storer, Fishes Mass., 1867: 158, pi. 26, fig. 4 (descr., abund., how caught, uses, Massachusetts Bay). 

 Alosa sadina De Kay (not of MitchiU), New York Fauna, Pt. 4: Fishes, 1842: 263, pi. 40, fig. 129 (descr., 



fig. clearly shows B. tyrannus). 

 Clupea carolinensis Gronow in Gray, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1854: 140 (orig. descr.; type local. S. Carolina). 

 Brevoorlia menhaden GiU, Rep. U. S. Coram. Fish. (1871-1872), 1873: 811 (how and where used, range); 



Uhler and Lugger, Rept. Coram. Fish. Md., ed. i, 1876: 156; ed. 2, 1876: 133 (descr., synon., use, 



Maryland). 

 Brevoortia tyrannus Goode, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., I, 1879: 5 (establ. validity of Latrobe's specific name, 



tyrannus'), 31 (descr.; cf. "var. aurea" and B. patronus; varieties menhaden and aurea reognized; 



new variety brevkaudata named and defined); Goode, Rep. U. S. Coram. Fish. (1877), 1879: iii-xii, 



1-529, pis. I -3 1 (coraplete hist, of American menhaden; discus, species and varieties, includ. S. American 



ones; full descr. of industry); Jordan and Gilbert, BuU. U. S. nat. Mus., 16, 1882: 269 (descr., synon.); 



Good in Goode, et al.. Fish. Fish. Industr. U. S., 1(3), 1884: 569, pi. 205 (common names, migr., 



distr., food, reprod., enemies, uses); Goode, Amer. Fishes, 1888: 385, fig. (migr., food, etc.); Smith, Bull. 



U. S. Fish Coram. (1890), 10, 1892 : 64 (behavior in lower Potomac R.); Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Coram. 



(1891), II, 1893: 191, 195 (small ones enter brackish and fresh water); Peck, Bull. U.S. Fish Coram. 



(1893), JJ, 1894: 113-126, pis. 1-8 (food and feed.); Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 



47(1), i8g6: 433, fig. 195 (descr., size, range, synon.); Evermann and Kendall, Rep. U. S. Coram. 



