Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 593 



U.S., I (3), 1884: 544, pi. 201 (abund., Grand Bank, Newfoundland, Labrador, spawn., largely after 

 earlier accounts, ill.); Dresel, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. (1884), 7, 1885 : 255 (w. Greenland); Smitt, Svenska 

 V'etcnskAkad. Handl. (1885), N.F. 21 (8), 1886: 189-196 (pillosus, Scandinavia, cf. arctkus, Green- 

 land); Jordan, Manual V'ert. Anim. north. U.S., ed. 5, 1888: 76; and subsequent eds. (diagn., Arctic 

 S. to Maine); Packard, Labrador Coast, 1891 : 401-402 (se. Labrador); Smitt, Hist. Scand. Fish., cd. 2, 

 2, 1895 : 876, pi. 41, figs. 2, 3 (refs., descr., iUs., range, genl. nat. hist., arctkus of Greenland not separate 

 from villosHS of Scandinavia); Bay, Medd. Gronl., J9, 1896: 57 (e. Greenland); Collett, Forh. Vidensk- 

 Selsk., Christiania, 9, 1903 : 147—162 (habits, develop, stages, food, distr., Norway, Novaya Zemlya, Spits- 

 bergen, subfossil.); Schmitt, Monogr. Isle d'Anticosti, 4, ZooL, Poiss., 1904: 285 (season, cod bait, Anti- 

 costi); Kendall, Schmidt, Medd. Komm. Havunders. Kbh., Fisk. 2 (4), 1906: 16-18, pi. i, figs. 24-28 

 (descr., ills., larvae, around Iceland); Proc. Portland Soc. nat. Hist., 2 (8), 1909: 210 (Labrador locals., 

 refs.); Kendall, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., j5, 191 1 : 508 (adults, larvae, dates, Labrador); Fowler, Proc. 

 Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 6j, 1912: 555 (specimen labeled Woods "HoU" Massachusetts); Meek, Migra- 

 tions of Fish., 1916: 138 (spawn, migr., abund., periodicity, enemies, range); Kendall, Copeia, 1917: 28 

 (Dennys R., e. Maine in 19 16); Dannevig, Canad. Fish. Exped. (19 14-19 15), Dept. Naval Serv., 1919: 

 30, fig. 21, pi. 3, figs. 26, 27 (larvae, Newfoundland, Gulf St. Lawrence, excell. ills.); Kendall, Copeia, 

 19 19: 70 (Penobscot R., Maine, in 19 19); Halkett, 53rd Rep. Fish., Br. Naval Serv., Canada (1919), 

 1920: 56 (Hudson Bay); Jespersen, Medd. Komm. Havunders. Kbh., Fisk. 6(1), 1920: 11-16 (post- 

 larvae, around Iceland); Cox, Contr. Canad. Biol. (1918-1920), 11, 1921: no (rare at Magdalens, 

 one specimen, Cheticamp); Huntsman, Contr. Canad. Biol. (1921), J, 1922: 60 (Bay of Fundy); Bigelow 

 and Welsh, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. (1924), 40 (i), 1925 : 140 (descr., ill.. Gulf of Maine); Bolkay, Novit. 

 Mus. Sarajevo., J, 1925: 1-4 (fossil, Bosnia; not seen; see summ.. Nature, Lond., Iiy, 1926: 136, 139); 

 Hubbs, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., J(S, 1925 : 55 (range); Saemundsson, Rit.Visind. Islend. (Soc. Sci. Islandica), 

 2, 1927: 41 (abund., season, beach spawn., age and death rel. to spawn., food, enemies, juv., Iceland); 

 Rachmanowa, Zool. Anz., ']S, 1928: 119— 123 (spawn, season, age, size at spawn., varietal stud., food, 

 increased range in w. Atlant.); Schroeder, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., 4.6, 1930: 71 (prey of cod); Schnaken- 

 beck, Faune Ichthyol. N. Atlant., Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 193 1 : pi. unnumbered (genl. acct., ill., fin-ray 

 and scale counts); Freund, Cetacea in Grimpe and Wagler, Tierwelt Nord- u. Ostsee, 12 k, 1932: 44, 

 47 (prey of white whale. Beluga, and north, porpoise, Phocaena); Jeffers, Contr. Canad. Biol., N.S. 7, 

 1932: 207 (abund., season around Newfoundland); Sleggs, Rep. Nfdld. Fish. Res. Comm., J (3), 1932: 

 66 pp., 2 pis., 2 charts (spawn, season and process, age of spawners, offshore recs., larvae, use, refs., New- 

 foundland); Martinsen, Trans, oceanogr. Inst. Moscow, 4(1), 1933: 37-50, 15 charts (distr., Barents 

 Sea coast; Eng. summ.); Anon., Rep. Nfdld. Fish. Res. Comm. (1932), 2 (i), 1933: 125 (where taken 

 in trawl); Nikforovsky, Trans, oceanogr. Inst., Moscow, ^ (i), 1933 : 54-64 (racial stud., Murman coast; 

 Eng. summ.); Rass, Trans, oceanogr. Inst., Moscow, 4 (i), 1933: 31 (depth and temp, of spawn., Barents 

 Sea); Vladykov, Contr. Canad. Biol., N.S. 5(2), 1933; 8-12, figs. 2, 41 (Hudson Bay locals., abund., 

 spawn, season); Awerinzew, J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 9 (i), 1934: 79-82 (distr., season, Barents Sea, 

 Novaya Zemlya); Anon., Rep. Nfdld. Fish. Res. Comm. (1933), 2 (2), 1934: 115 (where taken in trawl 

 and pelagic); Madykov and Tremblay, Nat. Canad., 62, 1935: 79 (listed, Trois Pistoles, Quebec); Liib- 

 bert and Ehrenbaum, Handb. Seefisch. Nordeuropas, 2, 1936: 42 (descr., ill., develop., habits, food, 

 enemies, distr., methods of capture); Pfaff, Rep. 5th Thule Exped. (192 1— 1924), 2 (7), Zool. 11, 

 1937: 7 (Melville Penin., Arctic Canada); Schultz, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 8$, K^'iT- 19 (cf. Capelin of n. 

 Pacific); Hildebrand, Medd. Gronl., 12^ (i), 1939: 5 (e. Greenland, n. Labrador); Chapman, J. Morph., 

 6g, 1941: 279-301 (skel. chars.); Ho}-gaard, Skr. norske VidenskAkad. (1940), Mat.-Nat. Kl. 9, 1941 : 

 17, 42 (abund., season, e. Greenland); V^ladykov, Nat. Canad., 68, 1941: 193 (sex. dimorph. of anal 

 fin), 201 (cf. M.catervarius, refs.); Hansen, Ann. Biol., Cons. int. Explor. Mer, I, 1943: 121-124 

 (length-age relation., no. vertebrae, age at spawn., e. and w. Greenland); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. 

 Atl. Cst., 1948: 74 (ill., range, habits); Jensen, Spolia zool. Mus. Hauniensis, 9, 1948: 79—92 (habits, 

 spawn., abund., distr., w. and e. Greenland); Templeman, Bull. Nfdld. Govt. Lab., ly, 1948: 151 pp. 

 (genl. life hist., Newfoundland, refs.); Saemundsson, Zool. Iceland, 4 (72), 1949: 93 (no subspp. recogn.); 

 Dannevig, .^nn. Biol., Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 8, 195 1 : 15-16 (nos. distr. larvae, n. Norway, expansion 

 southward, 191 5); Dunbar and Hildebrand, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canad., 9 (2), 1952: 103 (Ungava Bay); 

 Bigelow and Schroeder, Fish. Bull. (74) U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., 5J, 1953: 134 (descr., ill., Gulf of 

 Maine); Backus, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., JZJ (4), 1957: 295 (Labrador, L.Melville, from seal 

 stomachs). 



38 



