Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 569 



other Canadian lakes, but we have not chanced to hear of them. We have not found 

 any report of landlocked Smelt for Newfoundland. 



There are smelts of the subspecies mordax in lakes of the White Sea region, the 

 Kola Peninsula (5: 132, as eperlantis dentex natio dvinensis morpha 5pirinchus\ and 

 eastern Siberia. In Europe the subspecies eperlanus is widespread in lakes of Germany, 

 Denmark, southern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia; even in the Volga River 

 and the Caspian Sea there are smelts, as has long been known {^y. 241). 



Artificial Introductions. It has been a matter of scientific record for more than a 

 century and a half that the introduction of smelts from one lake to another is pos- 

 sible if the new situation is favorable for them {8: 182), and on various occasions 

 they have been introduced successfully from salt to fresh water. The literature on this 

 species includes repeated references to such introductions on both sides of the At- 

 lantic, either by the transfer of fertilized eggs or by the transport and release of adult 

 fish. In America, the earliest recorded case was near the close of the i8th century, 

 when they were successfully introduced into Jamaica Pond near Boston (83: 20), 

 whence the Museum of Comparative Zoology received a series in 1875. As our concern 

 here is primarily with the marine form, it is enough to add that introductions^" account 

 for their presence today in certain lakes of New Jersey, the Rangeley Lakes, Moose- 

 head Lake, the upper Penobscot River, and Eagle Lake in Maine, and the Great 

 Lakes region. They are now (1957) so plentiful in Lake Erie that catches taken there 

 are regularly on sale in Boston markets. 



Synonyms and Selected References: 



Salmo eperlanus Pennant, Arctic Zool., I, Introd., 1 784: 127 (name, Kamchatka); Mitchill, Rep., in part, on 

 Fishes of New York, 1814: 12 (New York; earliest rep. in e. N.Amer.); Trans. Lit. philos. Soc. N.Y., 

 I, 1 81 5: 435 (color, anal ravs, Passaic R., New Jersey); Gmelin, Naturg., Fische, 1818: 298 (freshw. 

 lakes, Prussia). 



Salmo {Oimerus) eperlanus (in part) Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., J, 1831 -.^^ 386 (descr., Baltic and White seas, 

 Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk; includ. subspp. eperlanus and mordax). 



Salmo (Osmerus) spirinchus (in part) Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., j, 1 83 1 t^i ^ 387 (descr. includ. smelts of Europ. 

 Russia and e. Siberia, subspp. eperlanus and mordax). 



Atherina mordax Mitchill, Trans. Lit. philos. Soc. N.Y., J, 181 5: 446 (descr., adipose fin noted). 



Salmo eperlano marinus Gmelin, Naturg., Fische, 1818: 299 (North Sea, Baltic). 



Osmerus viridescens LeSueur, J.Acad, nat. Sci.Philad., 1818: 230 (descr., Boston, Massachusetts, to Newport, 

 Rhode Island); DeKay, Zool. N.Y., J, 1842: 243; 4, 1842: pi. 39, fig. 124 (descr.. New York); Storer, 

 Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., N.S. 2, 1846: 449, 450; also separate, Cambridge, 1846: 197, 198 (brief 

 descr., cf. Europ. smelt; Maine, Massachusetts, New York); Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 

 21, 1848: 388-389 (diagn.. New York, cf. Europ. eperlanus'); Parley, Cat. [in part] Fish. N. Brunsw., 

 Nova Scotia in Rep. Fisher. Bay of Fundy, ed. i, 1851: 135; Descr. Cat. [in part] . . ., ed. 2, 1852: 202; 

 Descr. Cat. [in part] . . ., as separate, ed. 2, 1852: 24 (size, abund., odor, cod bait and manure, feed., 

 capture); Rep. Fisher. Gulf of St. Lawrence, ed. 2, 1852: 22, 23 (rivers, abund., capture, spawn., 2 spp.); 

 Bell, Canad. Nat. Geol., 4., 1859: 206 (Gulf of St. Lawrence); Fortin, Rep. Magistr., Exped. Protect. 

 Fisher., Gulf of St. Lawrence (1861, 1862), 1863: 120 (Quebec City; not seen); Norris, Proc. Acad, 

 nat. Sci. Philad. (r86i), 1862: 58-59 (diffs. between smelt of SchuylkiU R. and north, viridescens); 

 Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 6, 1866: 167 (Boston and New York; scarcely distinct from eperlanus); 

 Storer, Fish. Mass., 1867: 149, pi. 25, fig. 4 (descr., size, abund., Massachusetts); Reeks, Zoologist, 



20. For details, see Kendall {56: 351), Dymond {24: 12, 13), and Van Oosten {/j: 64, 65). 



21. Date of publication probably was 1814, according to Sherborn (99: 164-167). 



