592 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



not only in the deep water off Passamaquoddy Bay through the late winter and early 

 spring but to the west as well, far up the Penobscot River. There is even one specimen 

 labeled Woods "Holl," Massachusetts, in the collection of the Academy of Natural 

 Sciences of Philadelphia {28: 55S)^ whether correctly so or not. None seems to have 

 been seen since 1919 in the Gulf of Maine, nor have Capelin ever been reported as 

 spawning south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, so far as we can learn. 



A final item, remarked on first by Cuvier and Valenciennes in 1848 (79: 408), 

 is that on the shores of the White Sea, spawned-out Capelin that are washed up on the 

 shore often become enveloped in nodules of beach material, within which their skeletons 

 persist, perfectly preserved, until the nodules fall apart. This type of subfossilization, 

 commented on in greater detail by CoUett (14: 161), has also been reported for Iceland 

 (j: 42), and for Greenland, where Quaternary "clay plates are not rarely found 

 which . . . contain a skeleton or impression of capelin. . . ." Such clay balls containing 

 remains of Capelin are well known from the Quaternary deposits in Norway also 

 {48: 92), and from Bosnia at an elevation of 580 m above the sea (9). 



Synonyms and Selected References : 



Clupea villosa Miiller, Zool. Danicae Prod., illf- 50 (Greenland; not seen); Gmelin in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 

 ed. 13, J (3), 1793: 1409 (north, seas; for publ. date, see Hopkinson, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1907: 

 1035-1037). 



Salmo arcticus Fabricius, Fauna Groenl., 1780: 177 (descr., spawn, habits, season, Greenland). 



Salmo groenlandicus Bloch, Naturg. ausland. Fische, 8, 1794: 99, pi. 381, fig. i (refs., descr., ill., spawn., food, 

 use in Greenland, vernac. names); Shaw, George, Genl. Zool., 5, 1804: 70 (descr., abund., spawn, 

 migr., food, use, Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland); Richardson, John, in Franklin, Narr. . . .Journey 

 to Polar Sea, Append. 6, Fishes, 1823: 710 (abund., spawn., Bathurst Inlet, Arctic Canada). 



Clupea lodna Hermann, Observ. Zool., posth. ed., F. L. Hammer, Paris, 4, Pisces, 1804: 290-328 (316) (see 

 Hubbs, Copeia, 1936: 124— 125; "the capelin, Mallotus vil/osus,'ii called Clupea lodna [from Iceland, 

 described from plate by Olafsen and Povelsen]," Reise Island, 2, 1774— 1775: pi. 28). 



Salmo villosus MiiUer, Zool. Danica, 4, 1806: 45, pi. 160 (descr., ill., Greenland). 



Mallotus villosus Cuvier, Rfegne Anim., nouv. ed., 2, 1829: 306 (diagn., cod bait); Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. 

 Arts Sci., N.S.2, 1846: 454; also separate, Cambridge, Mass., 1846: 229 (descr., refs., Greenland, New- 

 foundland); Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 21, 1848: 392 {%^.Malottus), pis. 622, 623 

 (descr., ills, male and female, habits, food, abund., season, St. Pierre and Miquelon, use, early refs.,); 

 Gaimard, Voy. Islande et Groenl., Atlas, Zool., Poiss., 1851 : pi. 18, fig. i (ill., male, Iceland); Agassiz, 

 L., Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., J, 1851 : 42 (modern subfossil., Iceland); Perley, Cat. [in part] Fish. N. 

 Brunsw., Nova Scotia in Rep. Fisher. Bay of Fundy, ed. i, 185 1 : 135; descr. Cat. [in part] . . ., ed. 2, 

 1852: 203; (descr. Cat. [in part] . . ., as separate, ed. 2, 1852: 25 (never farther S. than N. Brunswick, 

 spawn., odor, export, cod bait, import, food in Greenland, never enters freshw. streams); Rep. Fisher. 

 G. of St. Lawrence, ed. 2, 1852: 7-9 (cod bait and manure, rel. to cod fishery); Storer, J. Boston Soc. 

 nat. Hist. (18 50-1857, 6, 1857: 265 (N. shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence) ; Bell, Canad. Nat. Geo\.,4, 1859: 

 207 (Gulf of St. Lawrence) ; GiU, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. (1861), Append., 1862: 53 (catalog., e. 

 coast N. Amer.); Canad. Nat. GeoL, N.S. 2, 1865 : 259 (in synop.. Gulf of St. Lawrence, Bay of Fundy); 

 Weiz, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist, (i 864-1 866), 10, 1866: 275 (spawn., season, abund. of fry. Square 

 I., near Okkak, n. Labrador); Hardy, Proc. N.S. Inst. Sci., I (2), 1867: 4-13 (n. Nova Scotia and Halifax, 

 abund., spawn., enemies, use, Newfoundland); Jones in Hardy, Proc. N.S. Inst. Sci., I (2), 1867: 5—6 

 (descr.); Reeks, Zoologist, London, (2) 6, 1871 : 2556 (abund., spawn., Newfoundland); Lanman, Rep. 

 U.S. Comm. Fish. (1872-1873), 2, 1874: 225 (spawn, activ., after Chappell, 1818: 132-133); Bean in 

 Kumlien, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus., 15, 1879: 135 (Bathurst Inlet, Arctic Canada); Jones, Proc. N.S. Inst. 

 Sci. (1879-1882), 5, 1882: 93 (S. to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in cold years); Stearns, Proc. U.S. nat. 

 Mus. (1883), 6, 1884: 124 (n. Gulf of St. Lawrence, no def locals.); Goode et al.. Fish. Fish. Industr. 



