366 BACTERIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 



be extracted by cold hypochlorite solution (aiitiformin), 

 diethylene glycol or hot formamide, and precipitated 

 with alcohol or acetone. 



Hapten polysaccharides have also l)een isolated from 

 Brucella abortus and other Brucella species, from CI. 

 perfringens, C. diphthericB and the diphtheroid bacilli, 

 H. pertussis, H. parapertussis, from the capsules of 

 H. influenzoe, from a number of Sahnonella, from certain 

 Pasteur ella and from Leptospira hiflexa. 



Carbohydrate Synthesis. — We know practically nothing 

 of the mechanism of the synthesis of this great variety of 

 complex polysaccharides. Kluyver has suggested that 

 their synthesis involves coupled oxidation-reduction pro- 

 cesses, as do the syntheses of fats and proteins, and 

 that it may follow similar lines to the resynthesis of 

 glycogen from lactic acid in muscle during the recovery 

 period : — 



(1) 3CH3CHOH.COOH + 30 — > 3CH3CO.COOH + 3H2O. 



/OH 



(3) 3ch/jh0 + 3h.0 > 3ch3c^oh 



\h 



:h\ /O :h: 



(4) 3 H — ^C— C ^OH + 30 > 3CH2— CHOH + 3H2O 



H^ ^H 







■/ \ 



(5) 3CH2— CHOH ^=^ CH2OH.CHO (glycolaklehyde). 



(G) 3CH2OH.CHO > CgHiaOe > {Ce-R^oO.h (glycogen). 



The lactic acid is oxidised to pyruvic acid, which is 

 decarboxylated to give acetaldeliyde and carbon dioxide. 

 The acetaldeliyde is oxidised via the hydrate to give 



