BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE 87 



Art. 49. When a genus or a group of lower rank is altered in 

 rank but retains its name or epithet, the original author must be cited 

 in parentheses, followed by the name of the author who effected the 

 alteration. The same holds when a subdivision of a genus, a species, 

 or a group of lower rank is transferred to another genus or species 

 with or without alteration of rank. 



Examples: Mcdicago polymorpha L. var. orbicularis L., when raised 

 to the rank of a species, becomes Medicago orhicuJaris (L.) All. Sorbus 

 sect. Ari^i Pers., on transference to Py)'us, is cited as Pijrus sect. Aria 

 (Pers.) DC. 



Recommendations : 



XXX. Authors ' names put after names of plants are ablireviated, unless they 

 are very short. 



For this purpose preliminary particles or letters that, strictly speaking, do not 

 form part of the name are suppressed, and the first letters are given without any 

 omission. If a name of one syllable is long enough to make it worth while to 

 abridge it, the first consonants only are given (Br. for Brown) ; if the name has 

 two or more syllables, the first syllable and the first letter of the following one are 

 taken, or the two first when both are consonants (Juss. for Jussieu, Eich. for 

 Eichard). Wlien it is necessary to give more of a name to avoid confusion between 

 names begiiming with the same syllables, the same system is to be followed. For 

 instance, two syllables are given together with the one or two first consonants of 

 the third; or one of the last characteristic consonants of the name is added (Bertol. 

 for Bertoloni, to distinguish from Bertero ; Michx. for Michaux, to distinguish from 

 Micheli). Christian names or accessory designations, serving to distinguish two 

 botanists of the same name, are abridged in the same way (Adr. Juss. for Adrien 

 de Jussieu, Gaertn. fil. or Gaertn. f. for Gaertner filius). 



"When it is a well-established custom to abridge a name in another manner it is 

 best to conform to it (L. for Linnseus, DC. for De Candolle, St. Hil. for Saint- 

 Hilaire). 



In publications destined for the general public and in titles it is preferable not 

 to abridge. 



XXXI. When citing a name published as a synonym, the words ''as synonym," 

 or pro synon. should be added to the citation. "When an author published as a 

 synonym a manuscript name of another author, the word ex should be used to con- 

 nect the names of the two authors: e. g. Myrtus serratus Koenig ex Steud. Nomencl. 

 321 (1821), pro synon., a manuscript name of Koenig 's published by Steudel as a 

 synonym of Eugenia laurina Willd. 



XXXII. The citation of authors earlier than the starting point of the nomen- 

 clature of a group is indicated, when considered useful or desirable, preferably be- 

 tween brackets or by the use of the word ex. This method is especially applicable 

 in mycology when reference is made to authors earlier than Fries or Persoon. 



Section 8. — Retention of Names or Epithets of Groups which are re- 

 modelled or divided (Art. 50-52). 



Art. 50. An alteration of the diagnostic characters, or of the cir- 

 cumscription of a group, does not warrant a change in its name, 

 except so far as this may be necessitated (1) by transference of 

 the group (Art. 53-55), or (2) by its union with another group of the 

 same rank (Art. 56-57), or (3) by a change of its rank (Art. 58). 



Examples: The genus Myosotis as revised by E. Brown differs from the original 

 genus of Liimffius, but the generic name has not been changed, nor is a change 

 allowable. — Various authors have united with Centaurea Jacea L. one or two species 

 which Linnaeus had kept distinct; the group thus constituted must be called 

 Centaurea Jacea L. sensu ampl. or Centaurea Jacea L. em. "Visiani, or cm. Godron, 

 etc. : the creation of a new name such as Centaurea vulgaris Godr. is superfluous. 



Art. 51. When a genus is divided into two or more genera, the 

 generic name must be retained for one of them, or (if it has not been 

 retained) must be re-established. When a particular species was 



