80 MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 



Note 2. — The application of conserved names is determined by nomenclatural 

 types, or by substitute-types where necessary or desirable. 



Note 3. — A conserved name is conserved against all other names for the group, 

 whether these are cited in the corresponding list of rejected names or not, so 

 long as the group concerned is not united or reunited with another group 

 bearing a legitimate name. In the event of union or reunion with another 

 group, the earlier of the two competing names is adopted in accordance with 

 Art. 56. 



Note 4. — A conserved name is conserved against all earlier homonyms. 



Art. 22. "When a name proposed for conservation has been provi- 

 sionally approved by the Executive Committee, botanists are author- 

 ized to retain it pending the decision of the next International Botanical 

 Congress. 



Section 4. — Nomenclature of the Taxonomic Groups according to their 

 Categories (Art. 23-35, Rec. VIII-XX). 



§ 1. Names of Groups ohove the Bank of Family. 



Recommendations : 



VIII. Names of divisions and subdivisions, of classes and subclasses, are taken 

 from their chief characters. They are expressed by words of Greek or Latin origin 

 in the plural number, some similarity of form and termination being given to those 

 which designate groups of the same nature. 



IX. Orders are designated preferably by the name of one of their principal 

 families, with the ending -ales. Suborders are designated in a similar manner, with 

 the ending -ineae. But other terminations may be used for these names, provided 

 that they do not lead to confusion or error. 



§ 2. Names of Families and Suhfamilies, Tribes, and Subtrihes. 

 Art. 23. Names of families are taken from the name or former name 

 of one of their genera and end in -aceae. 

 Exceptions : 



(1) The following names, sanctioned by long usage, are treated as exceptions 

 to the rule: Palmae, Gramijieae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Guttiferae, Uinbelliferae, 

 Labiatae, Compositae. Botanists are authorized, however, to use as alternatives 

 the appropriate names ending in -aceae. 



(2) Those who regard the Papilionaceae as constituting an independent family 

 may use that name, although it is not formed in the prescribed manner. 



Note.— To avoid disadvantageous changes in the nomenclature of families by 

 the strict application of the Rules, and especially of the principle of 

 priority, a list of names which must be retained as exceptions will be 

 provided (Appendix II). 



Art. 24. Names of subfamilies (subfamiliae) are taken from the 

 name of one of the genera in the group, with the ending -oideae, simi- 

 larly for tribes {tribus), with the ending -eae, and for subtribes {sub- 

 tribus), with the ending -inae. 



§ 3. Names of Genera and Subdivisions of Genera. 

 Art. 25. Names of genera are substantives (or adjectives used as 

 substantives), in the singular number and written with an initial capi- 

 tal, which may be compared with our family names. These names may 

 be taken from any source whatever, and may even be composed in an 

 absolutely arbitrary manner. 



Recommendation X. Botanists who are forming generic names show judgment 

 and taste by attending to the following recommendations: — 



(a) Not to make names long or difficult to pronounce. 



(b) Not to dedicate genera to persons quite unconnected with botany, or at 



least with, natural science, nor to persons quite unknown. 



