BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE 77 



in an arbitrary manner, they are treated as if they were Latin. Latin 

 terminations should be used so far as possible for new names. 



Art. 8. Nomenclature deals with: (1) the terms which denote the 

 rank of taxonomic groups (Art. 10-14) ; (2) the names which are 

 applied to the individual groups (Art. 15-72). 



Art. 9. The rules and recommendations of botanical nomenclature 

 apply to all groups of the plant kingdom, recent and fossil, with cer- 

 tain distinctly specified exceptions. 



Chapter II. — Categories of Taxonomic Groups, and the Terms 



DENOTING THEM (Art. 10-14, RcC. I, II). 



Art. 10. Every individual plant, interspecific hybrids and chimseras 

 excepted, belongs to a species (species), every species to a genus 

 (genus), every genus to a family (familia), every family to an order 

 (ordo), every order to a class (classis), every class to a division 

 (divisio). 



Art. 11. In many species varieties (variefas), forms (forma), and 

 races or biological forms (forma hiologica) are distinguished; in 

 parasitic species special fonns (forma specialis) , and in certain cul- 

 tivated species modifications still more numerous ; in many genera sec- 

 tions (sectio) are distinguished, in many families tribes (tribus). 



Recommendation I. In parasites, especially parasitic fungi, authors who do 

 not give specific value to forms characterized from a biological standpoint, but 

 scarcely or not at all from a morphological standpoint, should distinguish within 

 the species special forms (forma specialis) characterized by their adaption to 

 different hosts. 



Art. 12. Finally, if a greater number of intermediate categories are 

 required, the terms for these subdivisions are made by adding the prefix 

 sub (sub) to the terms denoting the categories. Thus subfamily (suh- 

 familia) denotes a category between a family and tribe, subtribe (suh- 

 tribus) a category between a tribe and a genus, etc. The classification 

 of subordinated categories may thus be carried, for wild plants, to 

 twenty-three degrees in the following order: Regnum vegetabile. 

 Divisio. Subdivisio. Classis. Subclassis. Ordo. Subordo. Familia. 

 Subfamilia. Tribus. Subtribus. Genus. Subgenus. Sectio. Sub- 

 sectio. Species. Subspecies. Varietas. Subvarietas. Forma. Forma 

 biologica. Forma specialis. Individuum. 



If this list of categories is insufficient it can be augmented by the 

 intercalation of supplementary categories, provided that this does not in- 

 troduce confusion or error : e. g., series and subseries are categories 

 which can be intercalated between subsection and species. 



Recommendation II. The arrangement of species in a genus or in a subdivision 

 of a genus is made by means of typographic signs, letters or numerals. 



Art. 13. The definition of each of these categories varies, up to a 

 certain point, according to individual opinion and the state of the 

 science; but their relative order, sanctioned by custom, must not be 

 altered. No classification is admissible which contains such alterations : 

 e. g., a form divided into varieties, a species containing genera. 



Art. 14. The fertilization of one species by another may give rise 

 to a hybrid (hyhrida) ; that of a modification or subdivision of a species 

 by another modification of the same species may give rise to a half- 

 breed (mistiis). 



