EREMASCACEAE IMPERFECTAE 275 



in modern literature thrush, muguet, sapinho and Soor. Langenbeck (1839) 

 recognized the presence of the fungus in the disease, although he did not 

 differentiate it from typhus, which it often follows, but Berg (1842) discovered 

 the constant association of the fungus and gave a few morphologic details. 

 Various workers during this decade place the organism in various genera 

 without adding greatly to existing knowledge. Robin (1847) described and 

 figured the organism, placing it in Oidinm without naming it until the revised 

 and greatly enlarged edition of his work in 1853. Haussmann (1870) followed 

 Robin's opinion in his Die Parasiten der weihlichen Geschlechtsorgane. Quin- 

 quaud again studied the organism and placed it in his new genus Syringo- 

 spora, describing the characteristic clusters of blastospores. Many minor 

 works and case histories appeared without affecting nomenclature until 

 Grawitz (1877) called it the same as Mycoderma vim, which opinion gave rise 

 to polemics. While this was unfortunate, Grawitz did call attention to the 

 differences of yeast form and mycelial form, and described chlamydospores. 

 He discusses the action of media on morphologj^ but his observations are to 

 be distrusted on account of the crude state of cultural technic, so that he may 

 have been working with mixed cultures. Reess (1877) showed that the organ- 

 ism was distinct from Mycoderma vini and called it Saccharomyces albicans. 

 This gave rise to further polemics (summarized by Fisclil). Kehrer (1883) 

 studied the physiology of the organism from the standpoint of mode of infec- 

 tion and treatment. Plant (1885) was the first to apply modern cultural 

 technic, and he identified the mycelial form with MoniJia Candida Bonorden 

 on decaying wood. Stumpf (1885) concluded he had two organisms, one 

 filamentous and one yeast, both liquefying gelatin. Baginsky (1885) studied 

 the organism on various media, and Klemperer (1885) produced experimental 

 mycoses from intravenous injections. Grawitz now abandoned his view of 

 relationship to Mycoderma vini. Plant (1887), after a long and detailed studj' 

 with much new data, reaffirmed the identity of his organism with Monilia 

 Candida Bonorden. 



The first connection between yeast and mycelial forms was proved by 

 Audry (1887), showing that the former Avere common on solid media, the 

 latter in liquids. He described his colonies as follows : Colonies lobulate, pure 

 white, mammillate on gelatin, no liquefaction. On agar and glycerol agar 

 colonies smooth, whitish. On potato, dirty white ; on liquid media, broth 

 turbid, no pellicle, cells elongate in chains. This description is still too gen- 

 eralized to place the organism definitely, but it represents an advance over 

 those of previous workers. In 1890 Linossier & Roux studied the physiology 

 in great detail, giving extensive notes on carbon and nitrogen metabolism 

 without definitely describing biochemical reactions. They describe their or- 

 ganism as producing white, elevated, creamy colonies, with surface slightly 

 furrowed on cooked carrot. At first the yeast cells predominate, then a short 

 period of some filaments and then yeast cells again. On liquid media, the 

 filamentous forms predominate except in malt extract. On most fruits (ex- 



