TORULEAE 671 



form columns as in his Aspergillus (not that of Micheli) but atticulatc; the articles are 

 deciduous, smooth, and simple in contrast to Dtnnatium. In the Syn. Meth. Fung. p. 693, 1801, 

 lie reduces his genus to a subgenus of Monilia, changes tiie specific epithet monilis to herbaru/in 

 to avoid reduplication, and transfers Dcmatimn onttnnaeforme Iloffm., DeiUschl. fl. cryptog. 

 Fl. 13, Fig. 4, 1795, to this section. In his last treatment in the Myc. Eur. 1: 20-22, 1822, 

 he again recognizes tlie genus and removes his T. fructigcna, adding T. tencra Link, Mag. 

 Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 40, 3815 (Nees Syst. 2: 20, 1817); T. fuliginosa a pinophila 

 (Antennaria pinophila Nees, Syst. 2: 72, 1817) and )3 ericophila (Antennariu ericophila, Link, 

 Neues Jour. f. Bot. 3: 17, 1809). He also adds Hormi^cium expnnsam Kunze, Myc. Hefte 13, 

 1818, and H. alta Ehrenberg, keeping them distinct as a separate subgenus. He accepts the 

 principle of Link and Nees' separation of Monilia and Tonila, although not the names for 

 his other two subgenera, placing attenata in the former and the other species in the latter. 

 Hence, we may conclude that Torula vionilis (T. herhar^im) is the type of Persoon's genus, 

 since the other species first described along with it was later excluded, and that this species 

 was retained in his central, largest section of the genus. 



Link, in his Ohservationes Mycologicae, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde 3: 21, 1809, ac- 

 cepts Persoon's 1796 treatment, but considers T. antennata Pcrsoon as type of his Monilia. 

 In his revision of the fungi for Willdenow's edition of Linne's Species Plantariim 6: 128, 

 129, 1824, he limits it to black species with arthrospores, retaining only T. monilis (as 

 T. herbarum) and T. tenera. He treats Hormiscium Kunze as Monilia, thereby using Momlia 

 in a different sense from that of most other authors before or since. 



All the early authors used Torida for a species with dark colored moniliform hyphae 

 creeping over bark and dead wood or plant stems, easily breaking up into arthrospores. 



In 1838, Turpin introduced the first serious complication by applying the name to an 

 organism found in beer. Pasteur picked up the name for yeastlike organisms of beer which 

 do not cause the usual fermentation of sugars. Hansen extencU-d this concept to include all 

 asporogenous yeasts without regard to color or fermentation. Guilliermond continues the 

 tradition of Hansen and, while admitting the possibility of black yeasts belonging here, gives 

 the impression that these forms would probably be found to belong in Dematium when they 

 are better known. 



CLADOSPORIUM 



Cladosporium Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf, Freunde Berlin 7: 37, 1816. 



Link originally characterized the genus: Thallus e floccis caespitosis erectis simplicibus 

 aut subramosis, apicibus in sporldia secedentibus. A Sporothrico et Oidio differt Hoccis non 

 intricatis, ab Acladio sporidiis apici primum innatis, dein delabentibus. He described four 

 species: C. herbarum {Dematium herbarum Pers.), C. abietinum (Dematium abietinum. Pers.), 

 C. aureum, and C. atrum as new. 



In Link's revision of the fungi, in Willdenow's edition of Liime's Species Plantarum 6: 

 39-42, 1824, he treats most of Persoon's species of Dematium, including here C. atrum. but not 

 C. mireum. Therefore, we may eliminate C. avreum from consideration as the type of the 

 genus. The choice thus narrows to the possibility of C. herbarum and G. atruim. Logically 

 one would choose C. atrum, but apparently C. herbarum, has been most in the minds of later 

 workers. C. atrum has unicellular spores while in C. herbarum these are 2-celled. 



Saccardo, in Michelia 2: 21, 1880, and Syll. Fung. 4: 235, 1882, kept the Persoon — ^Link 

 tradition and has been followed by mycologists since. Lindau, in Eabenhorst, Kryptog. Fl. 

 De^itschl. ed. 2, 8: 567, 1906, characterizes the genus as follows: 



Sterile hyphae absent or only a few, branched, septate, hyaline or dark colored. Conidio- 

 phores either wholly lacking or only short side branches. Conidia either developing by the 

 complete breaking up of the whole filament or in long chains on the tips of the short side 

 branches which break up into single cells, which are black, brown, olive green, spherical or 

 ellipsoid, or even fusiforni. 



