G. S. Markov (1948, 1953) gave a very sharp critique of the 

 views of foreign and a number of Soviet authors about conjugate evolution 

 of parasites and their hosts. His considerations are the following: 



1) The "theories" of conjugate evolution of foreign authors 

 (Fuhrmann, Eichler, Kellog, Metcalf, Szidat and others) bear a purely 

 autogenetic (self-generating, nobis), obviously idealistic character which 

 detaches phylogenesis from concrete ways of development. It determines 

 these "theories" as "phylogenetic determinism" or as he corrects later 

 "phylogenetic fatalism. " 



2) The Soviet authors have shown an obvious objectivity be- 

 cause they did not subject the present problem to discussion on a matter 

 of principle (on the basis of some principle?, nobis), but only tried to 

 refine the borders of adaptability of phylogenetic parallelisna in the direction 

 of their concretization and narrowing. 



3) It is indispensable to replace the metaphysical rule of 

 Fuhrmann which fetishes the role of phylogeny, or the role of ancestry in 

 the evolution, with the seventh rule of ecological parasitology (Dogiel, 1948) 

 which G. S. Markov proposes in the following altered formulation: 



a) Under equal (similar, nobis ) conditions of existence, ecologically close 

 anim.als--hosts--possess the greatest similarity of the 



fauna of their endoparasites independently of phylogenetic 

 parentage. The degree of similarity is determined by the 

 degree of ecological proximity; the phylogenetic consan- 

 guinity has a greater significance in the cases when consan- 

 guinous animals lead a similar form of life. 



b) Formerly ecologically close animals --hosts --which p. 293 

 now live in different conditions of existence also possess 

 differences in their endoparasite faunas. 



c) Ecologically distant animals --hosts --having "points of 

 contact" in ecology can, independently of phylogenetic 

 consanguinity, possess certain identical or closely related 

 parasites under similar conditions of existence; the 

 phylogenetic consanguinity strengthens the commonness 



of the parasite fauna. 



d) Ecologically distant animals --hosts-- not having the 

 "points of contact" in ecology possess the least similarity 

 in the endoparasite fauna even in the presence of phylo- 

 genetic consanguinity. 



337 



