(Price, 1937b) and after him Sproston (Sproston, 1946) and other 

 workers consider that it is not so and indicate Carus (Carus, 1863) as 

 such. The reasons for which the priority of Beneden is not recognized 

 are again purely formal: as Price indicates, in the work of van 

 Beneden the name is only given in the popular appellation (in the French 

 language ) ("vernacular name only") and not with the Latin ending. 



"Cercomeromorphae, which have the attaching apparatus 

 on the posterior end of the body in the adult condition. The digestive 

 system exists. The development is direct, without changes of hosts. p. 34 



The larvae have an intestinal tract. They are parasites of cold-blooded 

 vertebrates and^as an exception on parasitic crustaceans, cephalopods and 

 water mammals. " (Bychowsky, 1937) 



Subclass POLYONCHOINEA Bychowsky, 1937 



"Monogenoidea having larvae with 12 to 16 edge hooks on the 

 attaching disc and for the most part equipped with 4 eyes. The attaching 

 apparatus of the adult forms consists of the chitinous armature located 

 on the attaching disc; the latter can either be altered into a powerful 

 sucker or two to six special suckers can be formed on it. The buccal 

 opening is located between two groups of 'cephalic' glands and it is 

 sometimes equipped with one terminal sucker" (Bychowsky, 1937). 



The diagnosis which was given by us earlier is not compre- 

 hensive for the group and although it is useful for practic^ purposes, it 

 nevertheless, requires a series of supplements. Thus, the indication of 

 the presence of chitinous armature among adult forms is not accurate. 

 It is necessary to take into consideration that this armature consists 

 basically of hook-shaped formations which appear either as a grown or 

 developed armature of the disc of the larva, or partially or fully un- 

 changed armature of the larva, or finally partially as armature which 

 existed in the larva and part of which was formed anew in addition to 

 that. As we have already mentioned, the presence of the chitinous 

 "hooked" attaching apparatus among all forms related to the given group 

 does not indicate that the attachment of the adult forms takes place by 

 means of it; very numerous highest forms of this subclass attach them- 

 selves with the help of various suckers in the adult state, and the chitinous 

 armature serves only during the early stages of development. Apparently, 

 however, within the limits of this subclass among all forms, with the 

 exception of Microbothriidae the position of which is not clear (see page 

 385 ), the chitinous hooks are preserved during the entire life and they 

 are not subject to reduction or metamorphosis. This is very meaningful 

 for the analysis of the consanguinous links of separate groups. 



405 



