Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 495 



1883-1885: 35, pi. I, figs. I, 2 (descr. after Vailknt 1879, color, ills., Senegal); Peilegrin, Bull. Soc. 

 philom. Paris, (10) 4, 191 2: 96 (type in Paris, sexual difF. in teeth). 



Dicerobatus olfersii Garman, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., ly, 1888: 105, pis. 52, 53 (mucous canal syst.). 



Aodon hyfostomus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., .^7 (i), 1896: 92 (diagn., Jamaica by ref. to 

 Bancroft 1831); Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. (1895), 1896: 225 (listed, Jamaica). 



Mobula olfersi'^'^- Ribeiro, .\xch.. Mus. nac. Rio de J., 14, 1907: 194, 212 (descr., after Miiller and Henle 1841, 

 refs., Brazil); Gill, Smithson. misc. Coll., ^2, 1908: 176 (listed, Brazil and Caribbean); Coles, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 28, 1910: 341-342 (nos., season, habits, C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Peilegrin, 

 Bull. Soc. philom. Paris, (10) 4, 1912: 94 (photos, descr., teeth, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); Coles, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., J2, 1913: 33 (embryo, nos., season, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); Gudger, J. Elisha 

 Mitchell Sci. Soc, 28, 1913: 161 (size of uterus, habits, nos., C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Proc. biol. 

 Soc. Wash., 26, 1913: 102 (embryo, nos., season, C. Lookout, N. Carolina by ref. to Coles 1910, 1913); 

 Radcliffe, Science, N. S. j5, 1913: 396 (listed, Beaufort, N.Carolina); Coles, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 

 28, 1915: 94 (nos., season, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); Copeia, 32, 1916: 45-46 (feeding habits, stom. 

 contents, C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 55, 1916: 650 (nos., color change 

 after death, habits, embryos, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); Ribeiro, Rev. Mus. pauL, 10, 1918: 708 (listed, 

 Santos, Brazil); Fauna brasil., Peixes, 2 (i) Fasc. i, 1923: 49 (descr. after Miiller and Henle 1841, 

 Brazil); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atlant. Coast, 1929: 39 (W. Indies, Caribbean N. to New York); 

 Jordan, Evermann and Clark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 32 (listed, C. Lookout to Brazil); 

 Gudger, Sci. Mon. N.Y., 24> 1932: 412 (eaten by sharks, by ref. to Bell and Nichols 1921); Whitley, 

 Aust. Zool., 8, 1936: 187 (perhaps distinct from M. hyfostoma); Fowler, Fish Culturist, 21 (9), 1942: 

 66 (listed, Cuba). 



Cephaloptera massenoides Gudger, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 2^, 1912: 149 (embryo, by ref. to Hill 1862). 



Mobula hypostoma Engelhardt, Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. .^ (3), 1913: 104 (range); Garman, Mem. 

 Harv. Mus. comp. Zool., j6, 1913: 453 (descr.), pi. 54, fig. 6 (pelvis), pi. 57, fig. 6 (heart), pi. 59, 

 figs. 7-8 (gills), pi. 75 (skel.); Radcliffe, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc, 44, 1914: 38 (sex diff. in teeth, N. 

 Carolina); Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 34, 1916: 279, pis. 48, 49 (meas., descr., teeth, stom. contents, photos, 

 C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Meek and Hildebrand, Field Mus. Publ. Zool., 75 (i), 1923: 93 (descr., 

 refs.); Jordan, Manual Vert. Anim. NE U. S., 1929: 20 (diagn., N. Carolina to Brazil); Jordan, Ever- 

 mann and Clark, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 32 (listed, Jamaica); Here, Amer. Midi. 

 Nat., ly, 1936: 582, 590, 596 (copepod parasites. Lemon Bay, W. Florida); Fowler, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 nat. Hist., yo (i), 1936: 142 (color diff. from M. roc/iebritnei); White, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 

 y4, 1937: 91 (no. heart valves, after Garman 1913); Whitley, Aust. Zool., 8, 1936: 187 (refs., perhaps 

 distinct from M. olfersi); Norman and Eraser, Giant Fishes, 1937: 84 (listed, W. Atlant.); Hilde- 

 brand, Copeia, 1941: 222 (listed, C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Fowler, Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 

 6, 1944: 456 (listed, Jamaica). 



Mobula hyfostomus Fowler, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., JJ, 1920: 146, footnote 6 (no record for New Jersey). 



Mobula hypostoma (plfersi) Gudger, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, 4g, 1933: 92, pi. 2 (abnormal dentition, photos, 

 tooth bands). 



Mobula rochebruni Whitley, Aust. Zool., 8, 1936: 187 (refs., color, teeth, Senegal, by ref. to Garman 1913). 



Mobula rochebrunei Whitley, .'^ust. Zool., 9, 1939: 259 (no. teeth). 



Doubtful Synonym: 



Mobula hypostoma Fowler, Fish Culturist, 9, 1930: 115 (New Jersey specimen 9 ft. wide, perhaps M. mobular 

 because of large size; see p. 497). 



Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre) 1788 



n 1 -,x ■ , XT Devil Ray 



Cituay Material. JNone. 



Distinctive Characters. Mobula mobular of the eastern Atlantic differs chiefly from 



M. hypostoma of the western Atlantic in being much larger, growing to a width of 



112. Sometimes spelled olfersii or olfersii. 



