Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 445 



Synonyms and References:*' 



Mylioia/is^^ freminvilHfl^ Lesueur, J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 4, 1824: in (descr., cf. European ajuila, nos., 

 Rhode Island); DeKay, Zool. N.Y., 4, 1842: 376 (descr., size, Rhode Island by ref. to Lesueur, 1824)! 

 Gill, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., Addend., 1861 : 62 (listed, E. Coast N. Amer.); Gunther, Cat. Fish! 

 Brit. Mus., 8, 1870: 488, footnote 2 (ref. to Lesueur, 1824); Lyman, Rep. Mass. Comm. inl. Fish., 

 1872: 53 (shape of snout, nos., Waquoit, Mass.); Baird, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish, (i 871 -1872), 1873! 

 826 (listed. Woods Hole); Gill, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. (1871-1872), 1873: 812 (listed, C. Cod to 

 Florida); Verrill and Smith, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1871-1872), 1873: 521 (stom. contents. Vineyard 

 Sound); Uhler and Lugger, Rep. Comm. Fish. Md., ist ed., 1876: i85;2nded., 1876: 157 (listed, Ches- 

 apeake Bay); Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., I, 1879: 386 (Beaufort, N. Carolina, tail only, 

 ident. probable because of local.); Goode, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 2, 1879: 120 (listed, E.Florida); 

 Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 16, 1883: 51 (descr., color, listed, C. Cod to Brazil); True! 

 List Vert. .\nim. S.Carolina, in Handb. S.Carolina, 1883: 160 (listed, S.Carolina); Garman, Proc! 

 U. S. nat. Mus., 8, 1885: 39 (descr., cf M.goodei, Connecticut and Virginia); Jordan, Proc. U. S. nat. 

 Mus., 9, 1886: 26 (listed, Beaufort, N. Carolina, ident. probable because of local); Jordan, Rep. U. S. 

 Comm. Fish. (1885), 1887: 800 (listed); Jenkins, Johns Hopkins Univ. Stud. Biol., 4, 1887: 84 (listed, 

 Beaufort, N.Carolina by ref to Jordan and Gilbert, 1879); Bean, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 7, 1889! 

 151 (listed. New Jersey, but reports of Sting Rays flapping at surface probably not this species); Jordan 

 and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (i), 1896: 89 (descr., C. Cod to Brazil); Rep. U. S. Comm. 

 Fish. (1895), 1896: 224 (listed, C. Cod to Brazil); Linton, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 20, 1897: 424, 551 

 (cestode parasites. Woods Hole, Mass.); Smith, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 17, 1898: 90 (nos.. Woods 

 Hole region); Linton, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ig, 1901 : 275 (stom. contents. Woods Hole), 433 (ce- 

 stode and trematode parasites. Woods Hole); Bean, Bull. N.Y. St. Mus., 60, Zool. 9, 1903: 58 (descr. 

 by ref to earlier authors, but schools of Sting Rays reported off Hereford Inlet, New Jersey perhaps not 

 this species); Fowler, Rep. N.J. Mus. (1905), 1906: 79 (listed. New Jersey); Science, N. S. 24, 1906: 

 596 (listed. New Jersey); Tracy, Rep. R. I. Comm. inl. Fish., 1906: 48 (listed, Narragansett Bay and 

 other New England locals, by ref to earlier authors); Fowler, Rep. N. J. Mus. (1906), 1907: 262, pi. 81 

 (descr., ill., New Jersey); Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. nac. Rio de J., 14, 1907: 191, 210 (diagn., refs., Rio 

 de Janeiro); Smith, H. M., N. C. geol. econ. Surv., 2, 1907: 46 (diagn., Beaufort, N. Carolina, ident. 

 probable because of local.); Kendall, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 7 (8), 1908: 15 (New England 

 locals.); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 62, 1910: 475 (no. of tail spines. Sea Island City, New 

 Jersey); Tracy, Rep. R. I. Comm. inl. Fish., 1910: 63 (same as Tracy, 1906); Engelhardt, Abh. bayer. 

 Akad. Wiss., Suppl. ^ (3), 191 3: 104 (range); Garman, Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. Zool., 36, 191 3: 

 432, pi. 35, pi. 39, fig. 2, pi. 54, fig. 3 (descr., ill., C. Cod, New York, Brazil); Gudger, Proc. biol. 

 Soc. Wash., 26, 1913: loi (embryos, nos., C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bull. 

 U. S. Bur. Fish., 31 (2), 1913: 739 (stom. contents, parasites, Woods Hole); Fowler, Copeia, 2, 1914: 

 [2] (listed, Maryland); Coles, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 28, 191 5: 94 (embryos, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); 

 Radcliffe, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 34, 1916: 277, pi. 48, fig. i (meas., photo teeth, Beaufort, N. Carolina, 

 ident. probable because of local.); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 6g, 1917: 109 (listed. New 

 Jersey); Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 35, 191 7: in (listed, Newport, Rhode Island); Occ. Pap. Mus. 

 Zool. Univ. Mich., 56, 1918:2 (listed. New Jersey); Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 33, 1920: 146 (nos.. New 

 Jersey); Meek and Hildebrand, Field Mus. Publ. Zool., 15 (i), 1923: 91 (descr.); Ribeiro, Fauna brasil., 

 Peixes, 2 (i) Fasc. i, 1923: 46 (same as Ribeiro, 1907); Linton, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 64 (21), 1924: 

 10 (cestode parasites, Woods Hole); Nichols and Breder, Zoologica N.Y., 9, 1927: 28 (listed New York 

 to south. New England, food); Hildebrand and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 43, 1928: 69 (descr., 

 color, size, nos., Chesapeake Bay); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atlant. Coast, 1929: 38 (genl.); Jordan, 

 Manual Vert. Anim. NE U. S., 1929: 19 (genl.); Truitt, Bean and Fowler, Bull. Md. Conserv. Dep., 

 3, 1929: 32 (descr., Maryland and Chesapeake Bay); Breder and Nigrelli, Copeia, 1934: 193 (listed. 

 New York); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 8g, 1937: 304 (listed, New Jersey); Norman and 



37. The following list is confined to references that seem almost certainly to apply to this species (not to M. gooM) 

 because of locality, included description, or reference to earher accounts. See p. 450 for a list of nominal references 

 that might apply either to M.fremin'villii or to M.goodei. 



38. Sometimes spelled Myliobates. 



39. Sometimes spelled fremeniiiltii or freminwUei. 



