Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 463 



north to Virginia); Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1895), 1896: 224 (listed, .'^tlant. Coast of N. Amer. north 

 to Virginia); Jordan and Rutter, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. [49], 1897: 93 (listed, Jamaica); Ever- 

 mann and Kendall, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1899), 1900: 50 (listed, Florida); Jordan and Evcrmann, 

 Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (4), 1900: pi. 16, figs. 37, 37a (ills.); Evermann and Marsh, Bull. U.S. Fish 

 Comm., 20, 1902: 67, figs. 4, 5 (descr., color, size, ills., Culebra I., Puerto Rico); Gregg, Where to 

 Catch Fish E. Coast Fla., 1902: 26 (descr., ill., Biscayne Bay, Florida); Schreiner and Ribeiro, Arch. 

 Mus. nac. Rio de J., 12, 1903: 81 (listed, Rio de Janeiro); Hargreavcs, Fish. Brit. Guiana, 1904: 15 

 (ill., Brit. Guiana); Jordan, Guide to Study Fish., I, 1905: 557, 558, fig. 349; teeth, color, range, ill. 

 after Jordan and Evermann, 1900); Bean, Field Mus. Publ. Zool., 7 (2), 1906: 30 (listed, Bermuda); 

 Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. nac. Rio de J., 14., 1907: 192, 211 (descr., refs., Brazil); Smith, N. C. geol. econ. 

 Surv., 2, 1907: 46 (size, ill., Beaufort, N. Carolina); Coles, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 28, 1910: 338 

 (nos., habits, diet, leaping, birth of young, wounds by tail spines, C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Gudger, 

 Amer. Nat., 44, 1910: 399 (C. Lookout and Beaufort, N. Carolina); Science, N. S. JJ, 1910: 917 (teeth 

 used for digging); Vincent, Sea Fish. Trinidad, 1910-. 53 (listed, Trinidad); Gudger, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 

 25, 191 2: 150 (color, size, weight, strength, C. Lookout and Beaufort, N.Carolina); Coles, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. nat. Hist., 32, 1913: 30 (sounds emitted, color, size, embryos, photos, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); 

 Engelhardt, Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. .^ (3), 1913: 104 (range); Garman, Mem. Harv. Mus. 

 comp. Zool., 36, 1913: 441, pi. 49, figs. 1-3, pi. 54, fig. 4, pi. 55, fig. 9, pi. 57, fig. 4, pi. 73, fig. 4 

 (descr., ills., teeth, heart, skel.); Gudger, Yearb. Carneg. Instn., 12, 191 3: 177 (listed, Key West, Florida); 

 Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 26, 1913: loi (color, size, weight); Pap. Tortugas Lab., 6 (12), 1914: 243, 

 pis. 1-9 (hist., descr., color, size, breeding, wounds by tail spines, habits, refs., range, photos); Radcliffe, 

 Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc, 44, 19 14: 38 (teeth, stom. contents, N. Carolina); Coles, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 

 28, 1915: 94 (size, nos., C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 6^, 1915: 

 245 (listed, Boca Grande, Florida), 521 (listed, Trinidad, W. Indies); Radcliffe, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 

 J4, 1916: 278, pi. 47, fig. 3, pi. 48, fig. 2 (color, habits, teeth, N. Carolina); Ribeiro, Rev. Mus. paul., 

 10, 1 91 8: 708 (listed, Praia de St. Vincente, Brazil); Nichols, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 44, 1921: 

 22 (listed, Turks L, W. Indies); Meek and Hildebrand, Field Mus. Publ. Zool., J5 (i), 1923 : 89 (descr., 

 color); Ribeiro, Fauna brasil., Peixes, 2 (l) Ease, i, 1923: 47 (same as in Ribeiro, 1907); Beebe and 

 Tee-Van, Zoologica, N.Y., 10, 1928: 31 (color, Haiti); Borodin, Bull. Vanderbilt Oceanogr. (Mar.) 

 Mus., I (i), 1928: 5 (listed, W. Indies); Hildebrand and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 43 (i), 

 1928: 70 (descr., color, photo, Chesapeake Bay); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atlant. Coast, 1929: 

 38 (diagn., ill.); Jordan, Manual Vert. Anim. NE U. S., 1929: 19 (diagn.); Nichols, Sci. Surv. Puerto 

 Rico, N.Y. Acad. Sci., 10 (2), 1929: 188 (descr., habits, size at birth, Puerto Rico); Gowanloch, Bull. 

 La. Conserv. Dep., 21, 1932: 85-86 (teeth, diet, size, Barataria Bay, Louisiana); Gudger, Sci. Mon. 

 N.Y., 24, 1932: 404 (descr., tail spine in Hammerhead Shark); Copeia, 1933: 186 (no. tail spines, size, 

 Key West, Florida); Fowler, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., JO (i), 1936: 137 (descr., ill., refs., range); 

 Norman and Eraser, Giant Fishes, 1937: 78, pi. 3 (habits, depredation on pearl oyster beds, range, ill.); 

 White, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 7^, 1937: 91 (no. heart valves, after Garman 191 3); Butsch, J. 

 Barbados Mus. hist. Soc, 7 (i), 1939: 18 (Barbados; not seen); Longley and Hildebrand, Pap. Tortugas 

 Lab., Publ. Carneg. Instn., 34, 1941: 4 (size, Tortugas, Florida); Fowler, Fish Culturist, 21, 1942: 

 66 (listed, Cuba); Arch. Zool. Estad. Sao Paulo, J, 1942: 132 (listed, Brazil); Rohl, Fauna Descript. 

 Venezuela, 1942: 369 (Venezuela; not seen); Gudger, Bull. Hist. Med., 14, 1943: 469, fig. i, 481 

 (ill., wounds by tail spines, nos. tail spines, Beaufort, N.Carolina); Fowler, Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. 

 Philad., 6, 1944: 433, 456 (listed, Bahamas, Jamaica); Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 7, 1945: 100, 

 161 (listed, N.Carolina, S.Carolina); Schultz, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 99, 1949: 32 (Venezuela). 



Myliobatis narinari Cuvier, Regne Anim., 2, 1817: 138, footnote i (mentioned); Regne Anim., 2, 1829: 401, 

 footnote 2 (same as Cuvier, 1817); Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Regne Anim., ed. illustr. Poiss., 1838-1843: 

 pi. 118, fig. 4a (ill. lower dental plate). 



Raia quinqueaculeata Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1824: 200, pi. 43, fig. 3 (descr., color, ill., no. 

 tail spines, Guam, trop. Pacif.). 



Mylioiatis eeltenkee Ruppell, Neue Wirbelt. Abyssinia, Fische, 1835: 70, pi. 19, fig. 3 (ill. teeth, Abyssinia). 



Aetobatis indica Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., Amphib., Rept., 2, 1839: 321 (name, by ref. to Russell [Fish. Coro- 

 mandel, 1803 : pi. 8]). 



Myliobatis narinari {^Aetobatis) Owen, Odontogr., 1 840-1 845: 46-47, pi 25, figs. 3, 4 (teeth, use of lower 

 dental plate for digging). 



