Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 513 



Svensk. Vet. Akad. Forh., 51, 1894: 112 (listed, W.Florida); Cory, Hunting Fishing in Fla., 1896: 

 106 (capture, W. Florida); Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (i), 1896: 92 (descr., refs., 

 trop. Amer., Florida); Rep. U. S. Coram. Fish. (1895), 1896: 225 (listed, trop. Amer. to New Jersey; 

 also Pacif.); Evermann and Kendall, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1899), 1900: 50 (listed, W.Florida 

 locals.); Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (4), 1900: pi. 18, fig. 39 (ill.); Wilson, Amer. 

 Nat., 24, 1900: 355 (listed, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., ^^, 1903: 

 332, footnote (specific name); Gill, Forest and Stream, 60 (22), 1903: 431 (name); Schreiner and Ri- 

 beiro, Arch. Mus. nac. Rio de J., 12, 1903: 82 (listed, Copacabana, near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; spelled 

 iirrostris); Hargreaves, Fish. Brit. Guiana, 1904: 17 (listed, Brit. Guiana, but ill. p. 18 appears to be 

 Mobnla)\ Jordan, Guide to Study Fish., I, 1905: 560 (genl.); Jordan and Thompson, Bull. U. S. Bur. 

 Fish., 24, 190;: 232 (listed, Tortugas, Florida); Fowler, Rep. N. J. Mus. (1905), 1906: 80, pi. 5 (descr. 

 after Lesueur, 1824, ill. after Jordan and Evermann, 1900; off Stone Harbor, New Jersey); Smith, N. C. 

 geol. econ. Surv., 2, 1907: 47 (diagn., ill. after Jordan and Evermann, 1900; N. Carolina, but perhaps 

 confused with Mobula hypostomd); Anon., Bull. N. Y. zool. Soc, 29, 1908: 420 (size, weight); Vincent, 

 Sea Fish. Trinidad, 1910: 53, 90 (size, nos., photo, Trinidad); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 

 6j, 191 1 : 5 (listed, off Delaware Bay by old refs.); Bean, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 2^, 191 2: 121 (listed, 

 Bermuda); Gudger, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 25, 1912: 152 (C. Lookout, N.Carolina); Engelhardt, 

 Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. 4 (3), 1913: 104 (range); Garman, Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. Zool., 

 j6, 191 3: 454 (refs., descr.); Coles, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 28, 191 5: 94 (seen, C. Lookout, N. Caro- 

 lina); Amer. Mus. J., 16, 1916: 217 (size, capture, photos, W. Florida); Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 

 J5, 1916: 649 (dermal armature, color, habits, photos, capture, N. Carolina and W. Florida); Radclifi^e, 

 Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., J./, 1916: 280 (descr. teeth, dermal armature, early rep. from N. Carolina probably 

 Mobula); Townsend, Bull. N. Y. zool. Soc, 22 (6), 1 9 19: 140 (listed, Caribbean, nos., Florida, Bimini, 

 Bahamas, specimen 22 ft. wide); Fowler, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., JJ, 1920: 146 (listed. New Jersey by 

 ref. to Mitchill, 1824 and Lesueur, 1824); Gudger, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 22, 1922: 243 (photo), 246 (with 

 remoras); Science, N. S. ^^, 1922: 338 (size, weight, off Block Island); Meek and Hildebrand, Field 

 Mus. Publ. Zool., J5 (i), 1923: 94 (refs., diagn.); Nichols and Breder, Zoologica N. Y., 9, 1927: 29 

 (ref. to Block Island specimen); Hildebrand and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 42, 1928: 71 (descr. 

 after Garman, 1913); Beebe and Tee- Van, Zoologica N. Y., 10, 1928: 32 (size, Haiti); Breder, Field 

 Bk. Mar. Fish. Atlant. Coast, 1929: 39 (genl.); Jordan, Manual Vert. Anim. NE U. S., 1929: 20 (diagn.); 

 Truitt, Bean and Fowler, Bull. Md. Conserv. Dp., 3, 1929: 33 (diagn., listed, off Maryland); Fowler, 

 Fish Culturist, 9 (8), 1930: 115 (listed, off Delaware Bay by old refs.); Jordan, Evermann and Clark, 

 Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 32 (listed, trop. Amer.); Gowanloch, Bull. La. Conserv. Dep., 

 21, 1932: 86, 87 (ill., nos., off Mississippi R.); Beebe and Tee- Van, Field Bk. Shore Fish. Bermuda, 

 1933' 31 (listed, Bermuda); Gowanloch, Bull. La. Conserv. Dep., 23, 1933: 241 (capture, size, W. 

 Florida, nos. off Louisiana) ; Beebe and HoUister, Zoologica N. Y., ig (6), 1935: 209 (listed. Grena- 

 dines, W. Indies); Whitley, Aust. Zool., 8, 1936: 179 (refs.); Norman and Eraser, Giant Fishes, 1937 

 81 (genl); Beebe and Tee-Van, Zoologica N. Y., 26 (3), 1941: 276 (color, cf. Pacif. M. hamiltont) 

 Fowler, Fish Culturist, 21 (9), 1942: 66 (color, size, Cuba); Rohl, Fauna Descript. \"enezuela, 1942 

 370 (Venezuela; not seen); Fowler, Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 7, 1945: 100 (listed, N. Carolina) 

 Anon., Notes Afr., Inst. Fran^. Afr. Noire, Dakar, 37, 1948: pi. not numbered (photo, specimen on 

 beach, trop. W.Africa, ident. verified by position of mouth); Breder, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., g4 

 (2), 1949: 89 (use of cephalic fins in swimming, diurnal color change, Bimini, Bahamas); Maul, Lista 

 Sist. Peixes Madeira, 1949: 140 (listed, Madeira); Schultz, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 9./, 1949: 32 (listed, 

 Venezuela). 



Manta manatia Fowler, Science, N. S. Ij, 1903: 594 (listed, off Stone Harbor, New Jersey). 



Manta ehrenbergii Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. nac. Rio de J., 14, 1907: 195, 212 (descr., refs., vicinity of Rio de Ja- 

 neiro); Fauna brasil., Peixes, 2 (i) Ease, i, 1923: 50 (same specimen as in Ribeiro, 1907). 



Sea bat. Holder, Big Game at Sea, 1908: 1-35, pi. facing p. 24 (capture, photo showing white markings). 



Manta birostra Holder, Big Game at Sea, 1908: 17 (capture, Florida locals.). 



Manta z>ampyrus Gill, Smithson. misc. Coll., ^2, 1909: 176 (teeth, nos., S.Carolina, range). 



Doubtful Synonyms: 



Raja fimbriata Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 4° ed., in Buffon, Hist. Nat., 4, [An. X] 1801-1802: 677, pi. 16, 



