1 06 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



y4, 1922: 3 (specimen 610 mm, New Jersey); Hildebrand and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 

 4J, 1928: 62 (descr., meas., weight, Chesapeake Bay); Truitt, Bean and Fowler, Bull. Md. Conserv. 

 Dep., 3, 1929: 31 (diagn., listed, Maryland); Fowler, Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 7, 1945: 99 

 (listed, Manteo, N. Carolina). 



Cramp Fish, Storer, Rep. Fish. Rept. Birds Mass., 1839: 201 (Wellfleet, Mass., electric shocks). 



Torpedo zvahhii Thompson, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 5, 1840: 292 (descr., Ireland). 



Torpedo emarginata McCoy, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 6, 1 841 : 407 (descr. of specimen 2 ft. 8 in. long with em- 

 bryonic pectoral notches; Ireland). 



Numb Fish or Cramp Fish, DeKay, Zool. N. Y., 4, 1842; 378 (inch by ref. to Mitchill, 1815). 



Torpedo occidentalis Storer, Amer. J. Sci., //5, 1843: 165, pi. 3 (descr., ill., size, habits, nos., electric shocks, 

 Provincetown, Mass.); Linsley, Amer. J. Sci., ^7, 1844: 79, footnote (listed, E. side Cape Cod); Storer, 

 Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., N. S. 2, 1846: 516 (in synopsis); Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 2, 1848: 

 71 (living specimen), 170 (nos., south shore of Marthas Vineyard); Dumeril, Rev. Mag. Zool., 4, 1852: 

 245 (descr., after Storer, 1843); Hist. Nat. Poiss., j, 1865 : 513 (descr., color, after Storer); Storer, Mem. 

 Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., (2) 9, 1867: 247, pi. 39, fig. 5; also Fishes Mass., 1867: 271, pi. 39, fig. 5 (descr., 

 size, ill., habits, electric shocks, nos., season, util., C. Cod, Marthas Vineyard); Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. 

 Mus., 8, 1870: 448, footnote i (listed, U. S.); Baird, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1871-1872), 1873: 

 826 (listed, Woods Hole); Gill, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1871-1872), 1873: 812 (listed, C. Cod to 

 Florida); Uhler and Lugger, Rep. Comm. Fish. Maryland, ed. r, 1876: 188; ed. 2, 1876: 159 (listed, 

 off Chesapeake Bay); Goode and Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., II, 1879: 28 (listed, near C. Ann, Mass.); 

 du Bois Raymond, Arch. Anat. Physiol., Leipzig (1882), Physiol. Abt., 1882: 400; Rep. Brit. Ass., 

 1882: 592, 594 (no. of columns in electric organ as spec, char., suggests specimens carried to England 

 by Gulf Stream); Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 16, 1883 : 39 (diagn., listed, Atlant. Coast); 

 Jordan, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1885), 1887: 799 (listed); Wilson, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., JJ, 1907: 

 373 (copepod parasites, season, Provincetown, Mass.); Engelhardt, Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. 4 

 (3), 1913: loi (range); Norman and Eraser, Giant Fishes, 1937: 64 (listed, Atlant. Coast U. S.); Coates 

 and Cox, Zoologica N. Y., 2J, 1942: 25 (electric discharges, nos., season, weight, C. Lookout, N. Caro- 

 lina). 



Torpedo nigra Guichenot, Explor. Alger. Poiss., 5, 1850: 131, pi. 8 (ill. Algeria; for size, see Dumeril [Hist, 

 nat. Poiss., I, 1865: 512]). 



Narcacion occidental Gill, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., Addend., 1861: 61 (listed, E. Coast N. America). 



Tetronarce occidentalis Gill, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 7, 1862: 387 (type of new genus Tetronarce)\ Jordan and Ever- 

 mann. Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (i), 1896: 77 (descr., C. Cod to Cuba); Smith and Kendall, Rep. U. S. 

 Comm. Fish. (1896), 1898: i6g (Maine, LaHave Bank); Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 

 47 (4), 1900: pi. II, fig. 33 (ill.); Linton, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ig, igoi: 274, 432 (stom. con- 

 tents, nos., season, female with young, cestode parasites. Woods Hole); Bean, Bull. N. Y. St. Mus., 60, 

 Zool., 9, 1903: 51 (descr., color, habits, range); Jordan, Guide to Study Fish., J, 1905: 554 (size, cf. 

 European T. nobiliana and T. calif ornicd)\ Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., ^8, 1906: 80 (listed, 

 Florida Keys); Rep. N. J. Mus. (1906), 1907: 260 (listed. New Jersey); Smith, N. C. geol. econ. Surv., 

 2, 1907: 43 (descr., range, size, but previous reports from N. Carolina probably Narcine)\ Sullivan, Bull. 

 U. S. Bur. Fish., 2'], 1907: 10, 13, 15-16, 22 (morphol. of intestine, physioL); Kendall, Occ. Pap. Bos- 

 ton Soc. nat. Hist., 7 (8), 1908: 13 (New England locals.); Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 

 20-23, 1913- 92 (listed, near New York); Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., JJ, 1913: 

 739 (Woods Hole region and Nantucket, weight); Coles, Copeia, 32, 1916: 46 (listed, C. Lookout, 

 N. Carolina); Copeia, 151, 1926: 105 (listed, size, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); Nichols and Breder, Zoo- 

 logica N. Y., 9, 1927: 30 (New York and south. New England, size); Jordan, Manual Vert. Anim. NE 

 U. S., 1929: 17 (diagn., Maine southward); Townsend, Guide N. Y. Aquarium, 1937: 41 (near New 

 York). 



Torpedo (no scientific name) Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, J, 1867: 119, pi. 39 (habits, electric shocks, ill., Gt. 

 Britain). 



Torpedo hebetans (in part) Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 8, 1870: 449 {T. nobiliana Bonaparte 1835 included 

 in synonymy of T. hebetans Lowe 1841). 



Torpedo [Gymnotorpedo) occidentalis Fritsch, Arch. Anat. Physiol., Leipzig (1886), Physiol. Abt., 1886: 362, 

 364 (no. columns in electric organ); Elektr. Fische, 2, 1890: 14, pis. i, 3 (cf. other species, no. electric 

 columns, nerve syst., habits, range by ref. to Storer, suggests carried to England by Gulf Stream). 



