72 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



Sebastiao at the mouth of the Amazon, and Natal, Brazil; Trinidad; Atlantic Panama; 

 Jamaica; and the Lesser Antilles (probably St. Eustatius). 



An interesting feature of its distribution is the fact that it ranges poleward nearly 

 or quite to the 40th parallel of latitude in the southern hemisphere, where the max- 

 imum temperature for the year is only about 20—21° C (68—70° F) and where the 

 yearly minimum may fall as low as 9—10° C (48—50° F). However, in the northern 

 hemisphere it appears to be confined to strictly tropical latitudes and to temperatures 

 at least no lower than about 25—26° C (77—79° F). It is replaced farther north by 

 R. Jentiginosus (p. 67). 



Synonyms and References: 



Raja percellens Walbaum, P. Artedi Genera Pise. Emend. Ichthyol., J, 1792; 525 (descr., by ref. to Marc- 

 gravius [Hist.-Nat. Brazil, 1648]; Brazil). 



Rhinoiatus^* fercellens Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (i), 1896: 63 (descr., Brazil to Ja- 

 maica); Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1895), 1896: 220 (listed, W.Indies to S.Brazil); Schreiner and 

 Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. nac. Rio de J., 12, 1903 : 80 (listed, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil); 

 Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. nac. Rio de J., 14, 1907: 174, 207 (descr., refs.); Engelhardt, Abh. bayer. Akad. 

 Wiss., 4 (3), Suppl., 1913: loi (range); Garman, Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. Zool., 56, 1913: 278, 

 pi. 55, fig. 4, pi. 56, fig. 7, pi. 65, fig. 2 (descr., ills., vertebrae, heart, skel., Rio de Janeiro); Starks, Stan- 

 ford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., 1913: 5 (descr., color, off Natal, Brazil); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. 

 Philad., 68, 1916: 401 (listed, color); Ribeiro, Rev. Mus. pauL, 10, 1918: 708 (listed, Ilha S. Sebastiao 

 and Santos, Brazil); Devincenzi, An. Mus. nac. Montevideo, (2) j (4), 1920: 126 (descr., Rio de la 

 Plata, season); Lahille, Physis B. Aires, 5, 1921: 63 (listed, Argentina); Meek and Hildebrand, Field 

 Mus. Publ. Zool., 15 (i), 1923: 69 (descr., color, refs., Atlant. Panama); Ribeiro, Fauna Brasil., Peixes, 

 2 (i) Fasc. I, 1923: 31, pi. II (descr., photos, range); Marelli, Elenc. Sist. Fauna B. Aires, Mem. Ministr. 

 Obras Publ. B. Aires (1922— 1923), Fishes, 1924: 547 (listed, Maldonado, Uruguay, Rio de la Plata 

 and Mar del Plata, Argentina); Norman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1926: 947 (in Key), 974 (descr., ill. 

 head, Brazil); Devincenzi and Barattini, An. Mus. nac. Montevideo, (2) 2, Suppl. Alb. Ictiol., 1926: 

 pi. 3, fig. 2 (ills.); Luderwalt, Rev. Mus. paul., 16, 1929: 40 (listed, Ilha S. Sebastiao, Brazil); Marini, 

 Physis B. Aires, 9, 1929: 452 (listed, Puerto Quequen, Argentina); Jordan, Evermann and Clark, Rep. 

 U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 23 (listed, Jamaica to S. Brazil); Pozzi and Bordale, An. Soc. cient. 

 argent., 120, 1935: 152 (Argentina, Lat. 35-40° S., depth); Fowler, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., jo 

 (i), 1936: loi (descr., color, nos. teeth, Trinidad and mouth of Congo); White, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 nat. Hist., 74, 1937: 91 (no. heart valves, after Garman, 1913); Fowler, Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 

 6, 1944: 456 (listed, Jamaica; Panama); Paes de Oliveira, Ovogen. Peixes Brasil, i, in Bol. Minist. Agric. 

 Brazil (1943), 1945: 5 (ovary), 10 (descr.), pi. not numbered (photo, Brazil); Lopez, An. Mus. Argent. 

 Cienc. Nat., 42, 1947: 113 (kidney, Argentina). 



Rhinobatus electricus Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichthyol., 1801: 356 (descr. by ref. to Marcgravius [Hist.- 

 Nat. Brazil, 1648: 151] Brazil). 



Rhinobatus glaucostictus Olfers, Die Gattung Torpedo, 1831: 22 {glaucoslictus substituted for electricus Bloch 

 and Schneider 1801 because not electric, color). 



Rhinobatus undulatus Olfers, Die Gattung Torpedo, 1831 : 22 (color, Rio de Janeiro); Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. 

 Rares Amer. Sud, Poiss., 1855: 100 (listed, Rio de Janeiro); Kner, Novara Exped., Zool., J, Fische, 

 1865: 416 (descr., size, color, Rio de Janeiro); Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 8, 1870: 444 (descr., 

 Bahia, Brazil); Garman, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., J, 1880: 518 (descr., color, Rio de Janeiro southward); 

 Cockerell, Bull. Inst. Jamaica, i, 1892: 7 (listed, Jamaica); J. Inst. Jamaica, I (5), 1893: 178 (Jamaica; 

 not seen); Berg, An. Mus. nac. B. Aires, (2) j, 189;: 10 (listed, Montevideo, Maldonado, Buenos Aires, 

 Mar del Plata, nos.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. paul., 2, 1897: 35 (listed, off Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil); 

 Metzelaar, Trop. Atlant. Visschen, 1919: 194 (listed, trop. Atlant.). 



Rhinobatus marcgravii Henle, Ueber Narcine, 1834: 34 {marcgravii substituted for electricus Bloch and Schnei- 

 der x8or because not electric). 



64. Also spelled Rhinobatos. 



