562 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



or less definite fringe; they also spread onto the embryo case here or there. The embryo 

 case is spindle-shaped, narrowing abruptly to more tubular extensions, anterior and 

 posterior; the latter is the longer of the two and is continued as a filament which has 

 been broken off on most of the capsules that have been seen. The lateral flanges are 

 broad, with many conspicuous transverse thickenings. There are no median longitudinal 

 keels on the embryo case, which is more strongly convex on the smooth side than on 

 the hairy side. At first the egg capsules are hermetically sealed against the entrance of 

 water. 1^^ But a slit of considerable length opens later on the concave surface of the pos- 

 terior extension of the embryo case on either side In the angle with the lateral flange, 

 allowing for respiration. And an opercular slit with thickened edges that do not inter- 

 lock opens along each side of the anterior extension of the case on the convex (hairy) 

 side. The embryo may lie in its case with either its right- or left-hand side next to the 

 hairy side of the capsule. I.e., against the surface on which the opercular slits open.^^^ 

 The case fractures crosswise between the anterior ends of the opercular slits when the 

 young fish escapes. 



Range and Depth. Callorhinchus appears to be restricted to cool-temperate and boreal 

 latitudes in the southern hemisphere: southern coast of South America from Uruguay 

 and northern Argentina around to Patagonia, TIerra del Fuego, Chile, and Peru; 

 New Zealand; southern Australian waters, Bass Strait, and Tasmania; also South 

 Africa, from Algoa Bay on the east, about Lat. 34° S, around the Cape of Good Hope 

 to Walfish Bay on the west, about Lat. 23° S. It is taken most often In depths of 5-30 

 fathoms; In fact, it sometimes enters harbors and even rivers in great numbers, ^^^ and 

 it is described 12* as abundant in shallow water ofi-' the west coast of South Africa, but it 

 has been trawled down to 100 fathoms or deeper.^^' 



Species. It Is still an open question whether all of the described members of the genus 

 represent varieties of one wide-ranging species, C. callorynchus (Linnaeus) 1758, or 

 whether there are several distinct species: C. milii Bory de St. Vincent 1823 of Australia; 

 C.capensis Dumeril 1865 of South Africa; C. callorynchus (Linnaeus) 1758 and C. 

 smythii Lay and Bennett 1839 of South America, and perhaps even a third South 

 American species, C. tritoris Garman 1904.1^" 



125. The future openings, anterior and posterior, are foreshadowed only by longitudinal thickenings of the shell on 

 a Callorhinchus egg capsule examined by us in a stage so early in development that no trace of the future embryo 

 is to be seen on the enclosed egg. 



126. Pictured by Parker and Haswell (Textbk. Zool., 2, 1897: 182, fig. 805) as having its right-hand side next to the 

 hairy side of the capsule, and it is likewise in one that we have examined, but in another case it is pictured as having 

 its right-hand side next to the smooth side of the capsule (Bridge, Camb. Nat. Hist., 7, 1904: 471, fig. 270; specimen 

 in Cambridge University Museum). 



127. In Tasmania; Whitley, Fish. Aust., i, 1940: 238-239. 



128. Gilchrist, Fish. Mar. Biol. Surv. S. Afr., Rep. 2, Spec. Rep. 3 (1921), 1922: 51. 



129. Off New Zealand; Whitley, Fish. Aust., i, 1940: 239. 



130. Garman (Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. Zool., 40, 1911 : 97) recognized all of these, while Fowler (Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 

 100 [/j], 1941 : 506, 510) retains all but tritoris, which he relegates to the synonymy of smythii. But Norman (Dis- 

 covery Rep., 16, 1937: 35), pointing out that the grinding ridges on the dental plates and the length of the pectoral 

 fin vary too widely for use as specific characters, not only unites smythii with callorynchus but thinks it probable 

 that both capetisis and milii will prove to be only varieties of it. An examination of specimens from Chile, from 

 Peru, and from Australia inclines us to favor this view. 



